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700 commission as captain, and was retired. He was mysteriously murdered in Bridgeport. Capt. Colvocoresses was the author of a work on Wilkes's expedition, entitled &ldquo;Four Years in a Government Exploring Expedition&rdquo; (New York, 1855). &mdash; His son, George Partridge, naval officer, b. in Norwich, Vt., 3 April, 1847, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1868, and had risen to the rank of lieutenant in 1875. He has served on most of the foreign naval stations, and in the hydrographic office at Washington, and in 1886 was assistant instructor in drawing at the U. S. naval academy.

COLWELL, Stephen, author, b. in Brooke coun- ty, Va., 35 March, 1800 ; d. in Philadelpiiia, Pa., 15 Jan., 1872. He was graduated in IHIK at Jeffer- son college, Pa., studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1831. Removing to Pitts- burg, Pa., he practised law for ten years, when he became an iron merchant in Philadelphia. He de- voted much of his time to the study of political economy, and soon began to write for the press. He acquired large wealth, which he devoted to charitable purposes, to the endowment of professor- ships, to the encouragement of scientific investiga- tion, and to the collection of a large and valuable library, including a very complete selection of works on his favorite topics of political and social science. During the civil war Mr. Colwell was among the foremost supporters of the National government in its struggle against secession. He lent his name and his money to the cause, and strengthened the hands of the administration by every means in his power. He was one of the founders of the Union league of Philadelphia, and an associate member of the U. S. sanitary commis- sion. After the war he was appointed a commis- sioner to examine the whole internal revenue system of the United States, with a view to suggesting such modifications as would distribute and lighten the necessary burdens of taxation — a problem of peculiar importance at that crisis of the nation's history. To this work he devoted much time and study, and his advice had due weight in determin- ing the financial policy of the government. He bequeathed his library to the University of Penn- sylvania with an endowment for a professorship of social science. His first published work, imder the .signature of "Mr. Penn," was entitled " Letter to Members of the Legislature of Pennsylvania on the Removal of Deposits from the Bank of the United States by Order of the President" (1884). Still concealing his identity under the name of "Jona- than B. Wise," he published "The Relative Position in our Industry of Foreign Commerce, Domestic Production, anil Liternal Trade " (Philadelphia, 1850). He was the author of " New Themes for the Protestant Clergy " (1851) ; " Politics for Ameri- can Christians " (1853); "Hints to Laymen," and " Charity and the Clergy " (1858) ; " Position of Christianity in the United States, in its Relation with our Political System and Religious Instruction in the Public Schools " (1855) ; " The South ; a Let- ter from a Friend in the North with Reference to the Etfects of Disunion upon Slavery " (1856). The same year he edited, with notes, " List's Treatise on National Economy." His last and most important work is " The Ways and Means of Commercial Payment " (1858). Besides these publications in book-form, he was the author of a noteworthy arti- cle in the " Merchant's Magazine," entitled " Money of Account " (1853), and another essay on the same subject in the " Banker's Magazine" (1855).

COLYAR, Arthur St. Clair, lawyer, b. in Washington county, Tenn., 38 June, 1818. He was self-educated, and achieved success as a lawyer. He opposed secession in 1861, but became a mem- ber of the Confederate congress, and served till 1865. After the war he reorganized the Tennessee coal and railroad company, becoming its president, and also engaged in manufacturing. He has done nujch to develop the resources of liis state.

COLYER, Vincent, painter, b. in Blooming- dale, N. Y., in 1835; d. on Contentment island, Coim., 13 July, 1888. He studied four years in New York with John R. Smith, and then was a pupil at the National academy, of which he be- cnme an associate member in 1849. and from that time until the beginning of the civil war he painted in New York city. After the war, during which he had devoted all his time to his duties as a mem- ber of the Christian and the Indian commissions, he settled at Rowayton, in the town of Darien, Conn. His works include " Johnson Straits, Brit- ish Columbia " ; " Columbia River " (1875) ; " Pue- blo " ; "Passing Shower" (1876); "Home of the Yackamas, Oregon " ; " Darien Shore, Connecti- cut " ; " Rainy Day on Connecticut Shore " (1881) ; " Winter on Connecticut Shore " (1884) ; " Spring Flowers " (1885) ; and " French Waiter " (1886).

COMAN, Charlotte B., painter, b. in Water- ville, N. Y., about 1845. She studied in New York under James R. Brevoort and H. Thompson, and later in Paris under Bmile Vernier. After painting in France and Holland for six years, she returnetl to the United States, and opened a studio in New York. Her best works are " French Vil- lage " (1876) ; " Sunset at the Seaside, France " (1877); "Peasant Home in Normandy" (1878); "Cottage in Picardy " (1881) ; " Old Windmills in Holland"; "Spring-Time in Picardy" (1883); " View near Schiedam " (1883) ; " Farmer's Cottage in Picardy " (1884); "Poppy-Field in Normandy" (1885) ; and 1886 " A French Village."

COMBE, George, phrenologist, b. near Edinburgh. Scotland, 31 Oct., 1788 ; d. at Moor Park, Surrey, England, 14 Aug., 1858. He was educated at the high school and Edinburgh university, and in 1804 began the study of law. In 1813 he obtained his commission as a writer to the signet, and soon afterward that of notary public. He was eminently successful as a lawyer, and his shrewdness and conscientiousness in dealing with his clients obtained him a large practice. In 1887 he devoted himself wholly to jihrenology. On the visit of Spurzheim to Edinburgh in 1816, Combe became a convert to his system of phrenology, and advocated it in his lectures and writings. In 1819 he published " Essays on Phrenology, or an Inquiry into the System of Gall and Spurzheim," which was subsequently developed into his " System of Phrenology " (3 vols., 8vo, 1834). His most important work, "The Constitution of Man" (1838). was designed to show that all the laws of nature were in harmony with one another", and that man could best fulfil God's will, and attain the greatest happiness, by discovering those laws and obeying them. In 1833, assisted by a few friends, George Combe and his brother Andrew, a physician, established the "Edinburgh Phrenological Journal," and for more tlian twenty-three years contributed gratuitously to its pages. In 1833 he married Cecilia Siddons, a daughter of the famous actress. In 1887 he went to Germany; and in 1838, accompanied by his wife, he visited the United States, and during the two years he remained there delivered 158 lectures on phrenology, and the education and treatment of the criminal classes. On his return to Great Britain in June, 1840, he published his "Moral Philosophy," and in the year following his "Notes on the United States of North America."