Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/705

Rh him as a reward for his services, and in 1673 another was bestowed upon his widow.

CLOSSY, Samuel, educator, b. in Ireland about 1715; d. there in 1776. He studied medicine, and was the author of a work entitled " Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Human Body, Chiefly taken from the Dissections of Morbid Bodies" (1763). In 1764 he emigrated to America, and the year following was appointed professor of natural philosophy in King's (now Columbia) col- lege, and retained this chair until 1776, when he resigned. Upon the organization of a medical school in connection with the college in 1767, he became professor of anatomy. Being a loyalist, at the beginning of the war of independence he re- turned to his native country.

CLOUGH, George Lafayette, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 18 Sept., 1824. His natural taste for draw- ing was evinced at an early age, and when he was ten years old he thought of little else. At this time a wagon-painter, who had seen several of his sketches, gave him some colors on a bit of shingle, with brushes and a smooth piece of board, and Clough made his first oil-painting, which he still retains. He entered the service of the local physi- cian, who, knowing his predilections, arranged his work in such a way that he could devote part of his time to painting. When he was eighteen years old a portrait-painter named Palmer gave him some lessons in return for studio work, and after a year he began to paint pictures or anything else that promised a suppoi-t. About 1844 Charles L. Elliot came to Auburn to take Gov. Seward's por- trait, and from him Clough obtained his first ideas of really good, artistic work. Securing some chance commissions, he was enabled to visit New York and obtain further instruction from Elliot, who always remained his firm friend. In 1850 he went to Europe and copied pictures in the princi- pal galleries of the continent, and after his return he generally resided near New York, where he found a ready sale for his paintings.

CLOUGH, John E., missionary, b. in Chautauqua county. N. Y., 16 July, 1836. He was graduated at Upper Iowa university in 1862, ap- pointed by the American Baptist missionary union a missionary to India, and arrived in that country in 1865, spending his first year among the Teloo- goos at Nellore. In 1866 he removed to Ongole, and at the end of 1879 he had gathered a church of more than 13,000 members. During the great famine in India he rendered the government the most valuable service in distributing aid to the sufferers by the famine.

CLOVER, Lewis P., painter, b. in New York city, 20 Feb., 1819 ; d. in New Hackensack, N. Y., 16 Nov., 1896. He was educated in New York and at the College of St. James, Maryland. He studied painting, and afterward engraving for three years under Asher B. Durand. After this he adopted painting as a profession and followed it success- fully for several years in New York and Balti- more. He was elected an associate of the National academy of design in 1840. Through the influence of Chief-Justice Taney he was led to enter the min- istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, was or- dained deacon in 1850, and afterward entered the priesthood. He was rector of churches in Lexing- ton, Va., Springfield, 111., and elsewhere. In 1858 he received the degree of D. D. from the Univer- sity of Kentucky. The titles of some of his best- known paintings are " The Rejected Picture," " The Idle Man," " Repose by Moonlight," and " The Phrenologist." These were all exhibited in the National academy of design. The American re- print of Burnet's " Practical Hints on Composi- tion in Painting" (Philadelphia, 1853) was edited by Dr. Clover, who furnished the etchings that illustrate the loook. He published numerous ser- mons and addresses, notably one on the death of Chief-Justice Taney (1864), which is largely quoted in Tvler's memoirs.

CLUSERET, Gustave Paul, soldier, b. in Paris, France, 13 June, 1823. He entered the mili- tary school of St. Cyr in 1841, became lieutenant in January, 1848, and was made a chevalier of the legion of honor for bravery in suppressing the in- surrection of June, 1848. A few months after the coup d'etat he was retired for political reasons, and opened a painter's studio in Paris, but was shortly afterward replaced and served in Algeria and the Crimean war, being promoted to captain in 1855. He resigned his commission in 1858. joined Gari- baldi in 1860, and commanded the French legion in his army, receiving the brevet of colonel in November of that year for gallantry at the siege of Capua, where he was wounded. He came to the United States in January, 1862, entered the National army, and was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. McClellan, with the rank of colonel. He was soon afterward assigned to Gen. Fremont, who placed him in command of the advanced guard. He was in several engagements, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 14 Oct., 1862, for gallantry in the battle of Cross Keys. After some further service in the Shenandoah val- ley, he resigned on 2 Mai'ch, 1863, and in 1864 ed- ited in New York city the " New Nation," a weekly journal advocating Fremont for the presidency, and vehemently opposing the renomination of Lincoln. Gen. Cluseret returned to Europe in 1867, took part in the Fenian agitation of that year, and was accused by the journals of leading, under an assumed name, the attack on Chester castle. In the same year Cluseret wrote for the " Courrier Fran^ais " a series of articles on " The Situation in the United States." In 1868 an ob- noxious article in " L'Art," a journal founded by him, caused his imprisonment for two months, and in 1869, on account of his violent attacks on the organization of the army, he was again arrested, but pleaded that he was a naturalized American citizen, and was given up to Minister ^Vashburne, who sent him out of the country. He returned to Paris on the fall of the second empire, which he had predicted, and began to assail the provisional government, but soon afterward engaged in at- tempts at insurrection in Lyons and IMarseilles. In the following spring he bcame minister of war under the commune, and for a time was at the head of all its military operations. He was arrested on suspicion of treachery on 1 May, 1871, but es- caped, and settled near Geneva in 1872. He was condemned to death in his absence by a council of war, on 30 Aug. of that year. In 1893 Cluseret was elected to the French chamber of deputies. He has published a pamphlet on " Mexico and the Soli- darity of Nations " (1866) ; " L'Armee et la denio- cratie " (1869) ; and assisted to prepare the " Dic- tionnaire historique et geographique de I'Algerie."

CLYDE, Lord, Sir Colin Campbell, British soldier, b. in Glasgow, Scotland, 20 Oct., 1792 ; d. in Chatham, England, 14 Aug., 1863. He entered the army in 1808, and served in the peninsular war. In 1814-'5 he participated in the war against the United States, and in 1823 aided in quelling an insurrection in Demerara. Having been appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, he arrived m Halifax in July, 1834, and at once entered upon the duties of his office. Sir