Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/645

Rh ernor of Virginia, to assemble the border-men and descend upon Oconostota, the Clierokee chief, who was encamped on the Tellico. He was accompa- nied by John Sevier with a band of scouts. The Indians dispersed without fighting, but their towns and crops were destroyed, and all the males in one village were killed by the scouts. In 1782 he re- luctantly accepted the command of an expedition to ravage the Wyandotte and Moravian Indian set- tlements on the Muskingum, and was taken pris- oner and put to death by torture.

CHRISTIANCY, Isaac Peckham, senator, b. in Johnstown (now Bleecker), N. Y., 12 March, 1812 ; d. in Lansing, Mich., 8 Sept., 1890. He received a limited education, and when thirteen years old became the main support of his father's family. After teaching school he studied law with John Maynard till 1836, when he removed to Monroe, Mich., and, on the completion of his law studies, was admitted to the bar. fie was prosecuting attorney for Monroe county from 1841 till 1846, and in 1848 was a delegate to the Buffalo free-soil convention, having left the democratic party on the question of slavery. He was a member of the state senate from 1850 till 1852, and in the latter year was the free-soil candidate for governor. He was one of the founders of the republican party in Michigan, and was a delegate to its first national convention in Philadelphia in 1856. He purchased the Monroe " Commercial " in 1857, and became its editor, and in the same year was an unsuccessful candidate for U. S. senator. He was elected a judge of the State supreme court in 1857, re- elected in 1865 and 1873, both times without oppo- sition, and became chief Justice in January, 1872. He was elected U. S. senator in 1875, and, resigning in February, 1879, on account of ill health, was sent as minister to Peru, where he remained for two years. During the civil war Judge Christiancy was for a time on the staff of Gen. Custer and that of Gen. A. A. Humphreys. His judicial opinions, which are to be found in the " Michigan Repoi'ts " from volumes 5 to 31, inclusive, contain the best work of his life.

CHRISTIE, David, statesman, b. in Edin- burgh, Scotland, in October. 1818. He was gradu- ated at Edinburgh high school, and removed to Canada in 1833. He was sworn of the privy council, 7 Nov., 1873, and was secretary of state from that date until 9 Jan., 1874, when he was ap- pointed speaker of the senate, which office he held until October, 1878. During the illness of Lieut.- Gov. Crawford in 1875 he was appointed adminis- trator of the government of Ontario for a short period, but was not sworn in in consequence of the death of the lieutenant-governor. In May, 1867, he was called to the senate. Mr. Christie has been president of the Agricultural association of Upper Canada, of the new Agricultural and arts association of Ontario, of the Dominion coun- cil of agriculture, and of the American short-horn breeders' association. He sat lor many years in the senate of Toronto university.

CHRISTIE, Gabriel, British soldier, d. in Montreal, Canada, in November, 1798. He became captain in the 48th foot, 13 Nov., 1754, and com- manded at Albany in the summer of 1757. He served at the siege of Louisburg in 1758, became major, 7 April, 1759, deputy quartermaster-gen- eral in America on 14 Aug., and entered Canada with the British army in 1760. He was made brevet lieutenant-colonel, 27 Jan., 1762, lieutenant- colonel of the 60th royal Americans, 24 Dec, 1768, and was transferred to the 1st battery, 18 Sept., 1775. He was appointed quartermaster-general in Canada, 2 April, 1776, made brevet colonel, 29 April, 1777, colonel of the 2d battery, 14 May, 1778, lieutenant-general, 12 Oct., 1793, and gen- eral, 1 Jan., 1798. Gen. Christie was proprietor of Isle Aux Noix in Richelieu river, north of Lake Champlain, and of several seigniories in the vicin- ity. He afterward sold the island to the crown.

CHRISTIE, John, soldier, b. in New York city in 1786 ; d. in Fort George, Canada, 22 July, 1813. He was graduated at Columbia in 1806, and studied law, but entered the army, 3 May, 1808, as first lieutenant of the 6th infantry. He became captain in February, 1809, and resigned on 15 Nov., 1811, but re-entered the service, and on 13 March, 1812, became lieutenant of the 13th in- fantry. He was wounded in the assault on Queens- town heights, 13 Oct., 1812, where he commanded the regular troops, and displayed great courage and skill, but was compelled, after a heroic strug- gle, to surrender to an overwhelming force. He was made colonel of the 23d infantry, 12 March, 1813, and inspector-general, with the rank of colonel, 18 March, 1813.

CHRISTIE, Robert, Canadian author, b. in Nova Scotia in 1788 ; d. in Quebec, 13 Oct., 1856. He was a member of the provincial legislature, and author of a " History of Lower Canada " (6 vols., Montreal, 1866). He was a frequent contributor to the Quebec " Gazette " and " Mercury."

CHRISTOPHE, Heuri (cris-toaf), king of Hayti, b. 6 Oct., 1767 ; d. 16 Oct., 1820. Accord- ing to the best accounts, he was born in the island of Grenada, British West Indies ; others say in St. Christopher, St. Croix, or Santo Domingo. He was the son of a free mulatto and a slave negress, and his master took him to Santo Domingo and sold him to an innkeeper at Cape Haytien in 1791. He worked at the inn as a waiter or cook, and, by saving whatever money was given to him, bought his freedom and opened a butcher-shop. Other au- thorities say that, after serving in the American war, and, receiving a wound at the siege of Savan- nah, he went to Santo Domingo and was employed on the plantation of Limonade, displaying as an overseer his characteristic severity. When the up- rising of the blacks occurred in Hayti, he took a decided part in favor of independence, and in 1794 was chief of a band of insurgents, signalizing him- self by activity and boldness. Toussaint I'Ouver- ture confirmed the appointment of Christophe as brigadier - general, which he first had obtained when sent to quell an insurrection in the northern province of the island, and, being successful in this, he was also appointed governor of that part of the country. He held that command when a French army under Leelerc arrived in 1802, subjugated the "negroes, and declared Christophe and Dessa- lines outlaws. The revolution for independence was renewed in 1803, and at the close of 1805 no French force remained in the island. Christophe was general-in-chief during the short administra- tion of Dessalines, and after his death, 17 Oct., 1806, was elected president for life by an assembly con- vened at Cape Haytien. But the southern portion of the island had organized another republic, under Petion, and a civil war ensued, which lasted eleven years, Christophe heading the party of the negroes against the mulattoes. He caused himself to be proclaimed, 28 March, 1811, king of Hayti, and was crowned, 2 June, 1812, as Henry I., at Cape Haytien. He organized a hereditary monarchy and nol)ility, and governed the country, in a des- potic manner, for nine years. He promulgated a code compiled from that of Napoleon, but judi- ciously adapted to the wants of Hayti, and called