Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/60

38 AINSWORTH, Laban, clergyman, b. in Woodstock, Conn., 19 July, 1757; d. in Jattrey, N. H., 17 March, 1858. Pie was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1778, and was ordained pastor of the church at Jaffrey in 1782, where he remained until his death, seventy-six years. This is probably the longest pastorate on record.

AITKEN, Robert, publisher, b. in Scotland in 1784; d. in Philadelphia in July, 1802. He settled in Philadelphia in 17t!i), and published the "Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum," from January, 1775, till June, 1776, having Hopkinson and Withei'spoon for contributors, and was imprisoned in 1777 for his attachment to the cause of independence. lie printed the first American bible in 1782, losing money on the venture, and is reputed to have been the author of "An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of a Commercial System for the United States" (1787).

AKERLY, Samuel, physician, b. in 1785; d. on Staten Island, 6 July, 1845. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1804. He contributed to medical and scientific periodicals, was active in establishing institutions for deaf mutes, and published an "Essay on the Geology of the Hudson River" (1820) and "Observations on Deafness" (1821).

AKERMAN, Amos Tappan, lawyer, b. in Portsmouth. N. II.. 23 Feb., 1821; d. in Cartersville, Ga., 21 Dec, 1880. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1842, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and settled in Elberton, Ga., in 1850. He followed his state in secession in 1861, and served the confederate government in the quartermaster's department; but after the war he was a republican and reconstructionist. He was appointed district attorney for Georgia in 1866 and attorney-general of the United States in 1870, remaining in that office until 1872, when he resigned.

AKERS, Benjamin Paul (a-kers), sculptor, b. in Saccarappa, Westbrook, Me., 10 July. 1825 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 May, 1861. No genius was ever more a special gift than his, since there could hardly be less congenial soil for the growth of an artist than a small Maine village seventy years ago. He had never seen an artist, nor even a statue or a bust when he began modelling. He had previously attempted painting, which did not satisfy him, and the first plaster cast that he ever saw was, he said, "a revelation" to him. In 1849 he went to Boston and took lessons in plaster casting from Carew, and returning home to Hollis, where his family then lived, he obtained some clay from a pottery and began modelling, space for the work being "given him in the office of the village physician, who believed in his genius. His first work was a head of Christ, which was remarkably original and impressive, and was afterward ordered in marble by the United States minister to the Hague. Akers next made the bust of a respected townsman, of which in after years he said: "It was as ugly as Fra Angelico's devil, and was a remarkably faithful likeness." The next summer he took a studio in Portland, and for over two years labored diligently and conscientiously at what he now felt to be his real life-work. He made many portrait busts, among them being that of Gov. Gilman, of New Hampshire, Rev. Dr. Nichols, of Portland, Prof. Sheppard, John Neal, Prof. Cleaveland, Samuel Appleton, of Boston, Henry W. Long- fellow, and others of less note. He also produced several ideal works, among them a head of "Charlotte Corday" and a bas-relief of "Evening." In the autumn of 1852 he sailed for Europe, reaching Italy in December. He remained studying a year in Florence, making several busts, and a "Morning" as companion to his "Evening," and putting in marble several of his previous works. In the autumn of 1858 he returned to Portland, and that winter modelled the statue of "Benjamin in Egypt," which was exhibited at the World's Fair in New York, and was destroyed at the burning of the Portland custom-house the next year. Among his portrait busts at this time was a head of Judge Shepley. In October, 1854. he went to Washington, where he modelled busts of many of the noted men of the time, among them that of Hon. Linn Boyd, of Kentucky, speaker of the house, Judge McLean, of Cincinnati, Edward Everett, Sam Houston, and Gerrit Smith. In January, 1855, he again visited Europe, residing at times in Rome, Venice, Naples, Switzerland, Paris, and England, crossing the Alps on foot, and in the following two or three years produced his best-known works. These include "Peace," "Una and the Lion," "Girl Pressing Grapes," "Isaiah," Schiller's "Diver," "Reindeer," "Saint Elizabeth of Hungary," "Diana and Endymion," "Paul and Francesca," "Milton," and the "Dead Pearl-Diver." The last two works are described in Hawthorne's "Marble Faun." During this time he also made many busts of Americans visiting Rome, and executed very many copies of antique busts and statues for the galleries of American and English patrons of art. The amount of labor which he crowded into a little more than two years was amazing ; in fact, his constant toil on wet clay in a damp, sunless Roman studio, undermined a constitution naturally delicate, and he returned home in the summer of 1857 with his health seriously broken. He was unable to accomplish much in his art during the next two years, and in 1859 made another visit to Italy to recruit his failing strength, but returned the next year, without improvement, to Portland. Medical advice sent him to Philadelphia for the winter, but the change was not beneficial, and he died at thirty-six years of age, with his work, as he said, "just begun." He had much literary ability, and contributed papers on art and artists to the " Atlantic Monthly."

AKIN, Thomas Beamish, Canadian jurist, b. in Liverpool, Nova Scotia, 1 Feb., 1809; d. in Halifax, 6 May, 1891. He studied law with the late Beamish Murdoch, author of the " History of Nova Scotia," was admitted to the bar in 1831, and practised as a solicitor at Halifax. Pie was appointed a commissioner in 1857 for arranging and preserving the ancient records and documents illustrative of the history of the province of Nova Scotia, and was twice elected a governor of King's college, Windsor, Nova Scotia. He was the author of several pamphlets, including "History of Halifax, N. S." (1847); "Rise and Progress of the Church of England in the British North American Provinces" (1849) ; and " Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia" (1869).

ALAMAN, Lucas (ah-la-man'), Mexican statesman, b. in the state of Guanajuato, 18 Oct., 1792; d. in Mexico, 2 June, 1858. he was educated at the college of La Concepcion and at the school of