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554 in General Zoology " (New York, 1851), and " De- scriptions of all North American Birds not given by Former American Authorities" (Philadelphia, 1858), containing descriptions of fifty species not given by Audubon. Much of his work is contained in the U. S. government reports, and in that con- nection he wrote " Ornithology of the U. S. Explor- ing Expedition " (Washington, 1845) ; " Ornithology of Cxillies's Astronomical Expedition to Chili" (1855) ; " Ornithology of the Japan Expedition " (1856) ; and the chapters on rapacious and wad- ing birds in the " Explorations and Survey for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean " (1858). His works are valuable for the de- scription and classification of many birds not given in the previous works of Audubon and Wilson.

CASTILLA, Ramón (cas-teel'-ya), Peruvian soldier, b. in Tarapaca, 30 Aug., 1797; d. in Tivi- liche, 25 May, 1867. He entered the Spanish army in 1816, and was made lieutenant in 1820. Soon afterward he joined the army of independence, participating in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho, and was made lieutenant-colonel. In 1830 he went to Lima, and was appointed chief of staft' of the army. He was made brigadier-general in 1834 by Orbegozo, the provisional president, whom he supported, taking part in the battles of Yanacocha, 13 Aug., 1835, and Socabaya, 7 Feb., 1836, until the latter surrendered his independence by the treaty with Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia. Pie then fled to Chili, and in 1837 joined the army of the Peruvian patriots who marched against Santa Cruz. Castilla was second leader of the vanguaixl at the attack on Lima and the defeat of Orbegozo, and made common cause with Gamarra, who was proclaimed president by the patriots, while Castilla was appointed minister of war. In 1841 he was second in command of the Peruvian army that in- vaded Bolivia, and was annihilated at Ingavi, 18 Nov., 1841, where Gamarra perished. On his re- turn he conspired against the governments of Tor- rico and Vidal, in 1844 overthrew the dictator Vivanco, and in 1845 was elected president of Peru, serving till 1851. Then, for the first time, Peru experienced tranqiullity for six years, anarchy being crushed, and parliamentary liberty, individ- ual rights, and the public credit restored. The administration of his successor, Echenique, having become unpopular, Castilla began a revolution at Arequipa. overcame Echenique, and entered Lima in 1854 as supreme ruler of the country. In this capacity he made many reforms, the most impor- tant of which were the abolition of slavery, of the tribute of the Indians, special military legislation, ecclesiastical tithes, and the penalty of death. But his rule was arbitrary, and by corrupt means he packed the congress, which re-elected him president in 1858, and in 1860 proclaimed a new constitution, which established universal suffrage and prohibit- ed every religion except the Catholic. In 1861 he made an unsuccessful attempt to annex Bolivia to Peru, At last, weary of government cares, he re- tired, and in 1862 was succeeded as president by Gen. San Roman, who was followed in 1863 by Pezet. Castilla, having assumed a hostile atti- tude toward the latter, was arrested in 1865, but soon gained his liberty, and joined the movement under Prado. In 1867 he headed an insurrection against Prado in Tarapaca, and was on his way to Arica when he died.

CASTILLO, Bernardo Diaz del, soldier, b. in Medina-del-Campo, Spain, toward the end of the 15th century ; d. in Mexico. He was one of the adventurers that accompanied Cortes to Mexico in 1519, where he distinguished himself by his bra- very. He remained in the country after the con- quest, having been allotted extensive lands. He says in his work that he had taken part in one hundred and nineteen battles, and had been so habituated to sleep in his armor that even in time of peace he could not lay it aside at night. On reading the " Chronicle of Goraara " (1552), he de- termined to become an author, being indignant that that writer had not mentioned either himself or his companions, but had attributed all the glory to Cortes. His book was not published initiHong after his death, when a monk of the order of Mercy discovered it hidden away in a library. Its title is " Historia verdadera de la Conqui'sta de Nueva Espafia" (Madrid, 1632). Although Cas- tillo's style is that of an unlettered soldier, his work is full of interesting details. He estimates the Indian population as much less than in the history of Gomara, and does not diminish the losses of the Spaniards. He has been accused of jealousy of Cortes, which would render him par- tial ; but he only blames that leader when his acts were really culpable, and in some cases he even tries to defend them.

CASTILLO, Juan de, monk, b. in Chili about 1615; d. in Santiago, Chili, in 1675. He entered the Dominican order at the age of thirteen, and immediately after his ordination was sent to gov- ern the convent of Santa Fe on the banks of the Parana. On his return from Santa Fe, he was unanimously elected prior of the great convent of Santiago. He rebuilt the convent and church, which had been shattered by an earthquake. In 1654 he was elected provincial. After a visitation of all the convents of his order in Chili, he retired to the convent of Santiago, where the rest of his life was passed in asceticism and mortification.

CASTILLO Y ARTEAGA, Diego del, Spanish-American archbishop, b. in Navarre in 1605; d. in Oviedo, about 1670. He came to America after his ordination, was first stationed at Carthagena, and afterward appointed bishop of Trujillo, where he remained until he was created archbishop of Santa Fe. He was an accomplished Indian scholar, published an "Alphabetum Marianum " in 1669, and was also the author of a work entitled " De Ornatu et Vestibus Aronis."

CASTILLO Y LANZAS, Joaquin M. (cas-teel'-yo e lahn'-thas), Mexican diplomatist, b. in Jalapa, 11 Nov., 1801 ; d. 11 July, 1878. He received his education in English colleges, the University of Glasgow, and the Seminary of Vergara, Spain, returning to Mexico in 1822. He had already filled several public offices when President Gomez Pedraza appointed him his private secretary in 1833, and at once sent him to the United States as the representative of Mexico. After remaining in Washington as chargé d'affaires until 1837, he was elected to congress in 1845, and in the following year was appointed secretary of state under Paredes's administration, being also Mexi- can minister to England from 1853 till 1858. lie represented the state of Mexico in the Federal congress in 1857; then joined Gen. Tornel as plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of neutrality with the U. S. minister, Alfred Conkling, on the Tehuantepec canal, and several years afterward (1866) negotiated a treaty of commerce and navigation with the government of Great Britain. Castillo y Lanzas filled many other important offices in Mexico, belonged to the Spanish academy and several Mexican and British learned societies, was the editor of tlie first newspaper that was published in Vera Cruz after the independence of 1825. and left a volume of poems, " Ocios Juveniles" (Phila-