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540 years, he studied at the Auburn theological semi- nary in 1837, and at the Yale theological seminary in 1838. lie tiien had charge of various churches until 1842, when he again became a teacher. In 1855 he removed to Kansas, and was made pro- fessor of natural sciences at Baker university, Baldwin City, from 1863 till 1866, after which he again entered the ministry. He was appointed state bota- nist of Kansas in 1873. and in that capacity con- tributed "Reports on Progress of Botanical Dis- covery in Kansas " to the Kansas academy of sci- ences in 1879 and 1880. Prof. Carruth lectured on "Spiritualism." and on "A Plea for Man in Oppo- sition to the Woman's Rights Movement," and was a frequent contributor to current literature.

CARRUTHERS, William A., novelist, b. in Virginia about 1800; d. in Savannah, Ga., 31 Aug., 1846. He was a student at Washington college, Va., in 1818, and was educated as a physician. He wrote spirited romances, founded on Amei'ican his- tory, and, removing to Savannah, practised medi- cine there, and contributed to the " Magnolia " and other southern magazines. In 1838 he gave an ac- count, in the " Knickerbocker Magazine," of a haz- ardous ascent of the natural bridge in Virginia. His published works are " The Cavaliers of Vir- ginia, or the Recluse of Jamestown, an Historical Romance of the Old Dominion," depicting the scenes of Bacon's rebellion and the confliet be- tween royalists and Cromwellians in Virginia (New York, 1832) ; " The Kentuckian in New York, or the Adventures of Three Southerners," a volume of descriptive sketches with romantic incidents ; " The Knights of the Horse-Shoe, a Traditionary Tale of the Cocked Hat Gentry in the Old Domin- ion," the scene of which is laid in Virginia in the time of Gov. Spotswood (Wetumpka, Ala., 1845) ; and a " Life of Dr. Caldwell."

CARSON, Christopher, better known as &ldquo;Kit Carson,&rdquo; soldier, b. in Madison co., Ky., 24 Dec., 1809; d. at Fort Lynn, Col., 23 May, 1868. While he was an infant his parents emigrated to what is now Howard co., Mo., but was then a wilderness. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a saddler, with whom he continued two years, and then he joined a hunting expedition, thus beginning the adventurous life that made him one of the most picturesque figures of western history. For eight years he was on the plains, leading the life of a trapper, until he was appointed hunter for the garrison at Bent's Fort, where he remained eight years more. After a short visit to his family he met, for the first time, General (then Lieutenant) John C. Frémont, by whom his experience in the backwoods was at once appreciated, and by whom, also, he was engaged as guide in his subsequent explorations. In this capacity he was eminently useful, and to him is probably due much of the success of those explorations. He was perhaps better known to a larger number of Indian tribes than any other white man, and from his long life among them learned their habits and customs, understood their mode of warfare, and spoke their language as his mother tongue. No one man did more than he in furthering the settlement of the northwestern wilderness. In 1847 Carson was sent to Washington as bearer of despatches, and was then appointed second lieutenant in the mounted rifles, U. S. army. This appointment, however, was negatived by the senate. In 1853 he drove 6,500 sheep over the mountains to California, a hazardous undertaking at that time, and, on his return to Laos, was appointed Indian agent in New Mexico. Under this appointment he was largely instrumental in bringing about the treaties

between the United States and the Indians. He was an instinctive judge of character, and, knowing the Indians so thoroughly, his cool judgment and wisdom in dealing with them, even under the most trying circumstances, enabled him to render important services to the U. S. government. During the civil war he repeatedly rendered great service to the government in New Mexico, Colorado, and the Indian territory, and was brevetted brigadier-general for his meritorious conduct. At its close, he resumed his duties as Indian agent. In this relation to the Indians he visited Washington, in the winter and early spring of 1868, in company with a deputation of the red men, and made a tour of several of the northern and eastern states. Unlike most of the trappers and guides, Gen. Carson was a man of remarkable modesty, and in conversation never boasted of his own achievements. See &ldquo;Life of Kit Carson, the Great Western Hunter,&rdquo; by Charles Burdett (Philadelphia, 1869).

CARTER, Charles Ignatius Hardman, clergyman, b. in Lebanon, Ky., in 1803 ; d. in Philadelphia in 1879. He studied at Mount St. Mary's, Emmettsburg, and at St. Mary's, Baltimore. He was stationed at St. Mary's, Philadelphia, where he built the church of the Assumption in 1849, and also erected a convent and free schools. He after- ward founded a convent and academy of the Sis- ters of the Holy Child Jesus at Sharon Hill.

CARTER, Dennis Malone, artist, b. in Cork, Ireland, 24 Oct., 1817 ; d. in New York city, 7 July, 1881. He accompanied his parents to the United States in 1839, and, having received a little instruc- tion in art, began his career as a portrait-painter and travelled over a large part of the country in the pursuit of his profession. He afterward settled in New York and produced historical pictures. He was one of the original members of the artists' fund society, established in 1859. About 1850 he painted a series of pictures illustrating Goldsmith's " De- serted Village." Among his most successful works are " Decatur's Attack on Tripoli," " Moll Pitcher at the Battle of Monmouth," '• Legend of St. Michael," " Death of the Virgin." and portraits of Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and James K. Polk.

CARTER, Franklin, educator, b. in Water- bury, Conn., 30 Sept., 1837. He studied at Phil- lips Andover academy and at Yale and Williams, was gi-aduated in 1862 at the latter, and afterward studied at the university of Berlin. From 1865 till 1868 he was professor of Latin and of P'rench at Williams, then of Latin alone till 1872, and then of German at Yale till 1881, when he became presi- dent of Williams. He received the degree of LL. D. from Union in 1881. He has published a transla- tion of Goethe's " Iphigenie auf Tauris" (1879).

CARTER, James Coolidge, lawyer, b. in Lancaster, Mass., 14 Oct., 1827. He was graduated at Harvard in 1850, and at the law-school in 1853. Mr. Carter was a member of the commission appointed by Gov. Tilden, of New York, in 1875 to devise a form of municipal government for the cities of the state. He ranks among the leading lawyers of New York. He has published a monograph entitled &ldquo;The Codification of our Common Law,&rdquo; in which he opposes the scheme of codification (New York, 1883).

CARTER, James Gordon, educational reformer, b. in Leominster, Mass., 7 Sept., 1795 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 22 July, 1849. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820, and taught school at Leominster until 1830. In 1823 he contributed to the "Boston Patriot " a series of papers, subsequently published under the title of "Essays on Popular Education."