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532 and later in Warrington. Here he became widely known among all classes by his great philanthropy. Among his eiforts to give employment to the poor was the establishment of a printing-office from which were issued in rapid succession tracts with startling headings, which were freely distributed. He early attached himself to the study of conchol- ogy, under the guidance of Dr. J. Gray, of the British museum, and attained great proficiency in that branch of natural history. Later he made a catalogue of the Mazatlan shells for the British museum, and presented to that institution his own magnificent collection of shells, consisting of 8,873 specimens mounted on 2,530 tablets, all de- termined and many of them described by him- self. In 1859 he visited the United States, and while there was occupied in arranging and de- termining collections of shells belonging to the Smithsonian and other institutions. Tiie Univer- sity of New York conferred on him at that time the degree of Ph. D. in recognition of his work. On his return to P^ngland he resumed his ministerial duties in Warrington, but in 1805 moved to Mon- treal, Canada, which thenceforth was his home. For a period he devoted himself entirely to scientific work ; but, in consequence of the fail- ure of an English bank, he was compelled to teach. He presented McGill university with his general collection of shells, stipulating that it should be preserved as a special gift. As an authority on conchology and tlie classification of moUusca, he was among the foremost in America. Besides his elaborate report on the " Mollusca of the West Coast of North America," prepared for the British association for the advancement of science, he pub- lished, under the auspices of the Smithsonian institution, " Check-List of the Shells of North America" (1860); "Lectures on the Shells of the Gulf of California " (1860) ; " Lectures on Mollusca, or Shellfish and their Allies" (1861); and "The Mollusks of Western North America" (1872).

CARPENTER, Stephen Cutter, author, b. in England ; d. about 1820. He was a journalist of ability, who was engaged as reporter of the parlia- mentary proceedings during the trial of Hastings, and from his personal knowledge doubtless was enabled to make the great speeches of Sheridan on the Begum charge, as found in the " Select Speeches" of Dr. Nathaniel Chapman. In 1803 he came to the United States and settled in Charles- ton, S. C, where, in 1805, he established and pub- lished, with John Bristed, the " Monthly Register, Magazine, and Review of the United States." Later he edited the " Mirror of Taste, and Dra- matic Censor," four volumes of which were pub- lished in Philadelphia during 1810-'l. It contained some very clever sketches of American actors, which were among the earliest productions of the artist Charles Robert Leslie. He was the author of "Memoirs of Jefferson, containing a Concise History of the United States from the Acknowl- edgment of their Independence, with a View of the Rise and Progress of French Influence and French Principles in that Country " (2 vols., New York, 1809), and " Select American Speeches, Fo- rensic and Parliamentary, with Prefatory Re- marks ; a Sequel to Dr. Chapman's Select Speech- es" (Philadelphia, 1815). Under the pen-name of Donald Campbell, he wrote " Overland Journev to India " (London, 1795 ; 2d ed.. New York, 1809-10) and " Letter on the Present Times " (1798).

CARPENTER, Stephen Haskins, educator, b. in Little Falls, N. Y., 7 Aug.. 1831 ; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 7 Dec, 1878. He was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1852. Settling in Madison, Wis., he was for several years tutor in the University of Wisconsin, and then became city clerk of Madison. From 1858 till 1860 he was assistant superintendent of public instruction for Wiscon- sin, and inaugurated the system that is still in use there. In 1860 he was called to the chair of ancient languages in St. Paul's college. Palmyra, Mo., where he remained until the beginning of the civil war caused the institution to close its doors. Returning to Wisconsin, he taught a select school for a short time, and, failing to find more conge- nial employment, supported himself by working at the printer's trade, but devoted his spare hours to literary work. From 1864 till 1868 he was again city clerk, after which he became professor of rhetoric and English literature in the University of Wisconsin : later the title of the chair became logic and English literature. In 1875 he was chosen president of the University of Kansas, an honor which he declined, and in 18V1 came within one vote of being elected president of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. Prof. Carpenter was a close and indefatigable student and a diligent writer. He contributed very largely to the religious and educational press of the country, and published valuable lectures and educational addresses. Among these are " Moral Forces in Education " ; twelve lectures on the " Evidences of Christianity " ; " The Metaphysical Basis of Science " ; and " The Philosophy of Evolution." He was also the au- thor of " English of the Fourteenth Century " (Boston, 1872) ; " An Introdi^tion to the Study of Anglo-Saxon " (1875) ; and " The Elements of Eng- lish Analvsis " (1877).

CARPENTER, William Lewis, soldier, b. in Dunkirk. N, Y., 13 Jan., 1844. He received a pub- lic-school education in his native city, and in 1864 enlisted as a private in the artillery of the Army of the Potomac. In 1867 he was promoted to a second lieutenancy in the 9th infantry, U. S. army, and in 1873 to the rank of first lieutenant. His attention was directed to natural history, and he became in 1873 naturalist to the U. S. geological survey, and two years later was called to a similar office on the geographical survey. In connection with this work he furnished valuable reports, which were published by the government in the annual reports of the surveys during the years mentioned. In 1877 he was elected a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science.

CARPIO, Manuel, Mexican physician, b. in Cosamaloapam, Vera Cruz, 1 May, 1791 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 11 Feb., 1860. He studied philosophy, theology, and law in Puebla, but ended by devoting himself to medicine, the bishop of Puebla giving him a pension to finish his studies in the city of Mexico. Before going to the capital, he had associated with others in Puebla for the study of medicine, and founded a medical academy, of which he was elected president. He was graduated in Mexico in 1832, appointed professor of physiology and hygiene in 1833, secretary, and afterward president, of the Academy of medicine, member of the general commission of studies, vice-president of the health council, and professor of history of medical sciences. Carpio was a remarkable classic scholar, possessing a profound knowledge of ancient history, and made Palestine his favorite study. He was a deputy to congress in 1824, and then became its president; was again elected deputy in 1846 and 1848, senator in 1851, and member of the state council in 1858. But he is best known in Mexico by his poems, the first of which appeared, when he was over forty years old, in 1832. From that time many others of his poet-