Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/563

Rh tutor. After studying theology under Dr. John McMillan, he was licensed by the presbytery of New Brunswick at Baskingridge in April, 1804, and preached in the vicinity of Hackettstown, Oxford, and Knowlton, N. J. In January, 1805, he was or- dained pastor of the united churches of Whitesboro and Utica, N. Y., and remained there until 1814, when he removed to Georgetown, D. C, where he taught school for nine years. He was then elected president of Princeton college, and, after being inaugurated in August, 1823, remained in that capacity until June, 1854. From 1854 until his death he was one of the trustees of the college, and in 1843 elected president of the board of trustees of the Princeton theological seminary.

CARNEGIE, Andrew, manufacturer, b. in Dunfermline, Scotland, 25 Nov., 1835. His father was a weaver, in humble circumstances, whose ambition to raise himself and family, joined to his ardent republicanism, led to his coming to the United States in 1845. The family settled in Pittsburgh, and two years later Andrew began his career by attending a small stationary engine. This work was unsatisfactory, and he became a telegraph messenger with the Atlantic and Ohio company, and subsequently an operator. He was one of the first to read telegraphic signals by sound. Later he was sent to the Pittsburgh office of the Pennsylvania railroad, as clerk to the superintendent and manager of the telegraph-lines. While in this position he met Mr. Woodruff, inventor of the sleeping-car. Mr. Carnegie immediately recognized the great merit of the invention, and readily joined in the effort to have it adopted. The success of this venture gave him the nucleus of his wealth. He was promoted to be superintendent of the Pittsburgh division of the Pennsylvania railroad; and about this time he was one of a syndicate who purchased the Storey farm, on Oil creek, which cost $40,000, and yielded in one year over $1,000,000 in cash dividend's. Mr. Carnegie was subsequently associated with others in establishing a rolling-mill, and from this has grown the most extensive and complete system of iron and steel industries ever controlled by an individual, embracing the Edgar Thomson steel works, the Pittsburgh Bessemer steel works, the Lucy furnaces, the Union iron mills, the Union mill (Wilson, Walker &amp; Co.), the Keystone bridge works, the Hartman steel works, the Frick coke company, and the Scotia ore mines. The capacity of these works approximates 2,000 tons of pig-metal a day, and he is the largest manufacturer of pig-iron, steel-rails, and coke in the world. Besides directing these great iron industries, he long owned eighteen English newspapers, which he controlled in the interests of radicalism. He has devoted large sums of money to benevolent and educational purposes. In 1879 he erected commodious swimming-baths for the use of the people of Dunfermline, Scotland, and in the following year gave $40,000 for the establishment there of a free library, which has since received other large donations. In 1884 he gave $50,000 to Bellevue hospital medical college to found a histological laboratory, now called the Carnegie laboratory; in 1885, $500,000 to Pittsburgh for a public library, and in 1886, $250,000 to Allegheny City for a music hall and library, and $250,000 to Edinburgh, Scotland, for a free library. He has also established free libraries at Braddock, Pa., and at other places, for the benefit of his employés. Mr. Carnegie is a frequent contributor to periodicals on the labor question and similar topics, and has published in book-form &ldquo;An American Four-in-Hand in Britain&rdquo; (New York, 1883); &ldquo;Round the World&rdquo; (1884);

and &ldquo; Triumphant Democracy: or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic&rdquo; (1886), the last being a review of American progress under popular institutions. &mdash; His brother, Thomas M., b. in Dunfermline, Scotland, 2 Oct., 1843; d. in Homewood, Pa., 19 Oct., 1886, was associated with Andrew in his business enterprises.

CARNOCHAN, John Murray, surgeon, b. in Savannah, Ga., 4 July, 1817; d. in New York city, 28 Oct., 1887. He was taken to Scotland in early boyhood, and was graduated at the University of Edinburgh. Returning to New York, he entered the office of Dr. Valentine Mott as a student, where it became apparent that he was destined for eminence in his profession. A second visit to Europe was undertaken, and he attended the lectures of the leading surgeons at the great hospitals in London, Paris, and Edinburgh. In 1847 he began practice in New York city, and in a short time his rare delicacy of touch, steadiness of nerve, and his boldness as an operator, gave him a high reputation. In 1852 a case of exaggerated nutrition (elephantiasis arabrum) was presented to him, and, all milder remedies having failed. Dr. Carnochan severed and tied the femoral artery, effecting a cure by an entirely original operation. The same year he successfully removed a lower jaw entire with both condyles. In 1854 he exsected the whole ulna, and again the whole radius of a patient's forearm, the use of the limb being' saved in both cases. In 1856 he performed an original operation that gave him a world-wide reputation. A case of chronic neuralgia was brought to him, and, after careful study of its features, he cut down and removed the entire trunk of the second branch of the fifth pair of cranial nerves. This nerve was cut from the infraorbital foramen to the foramen rotundum at the very base of the skull, and involved an operation through the malar bone. He several times performed amputation at the hip-joint, once during the battle of Spottsylvania in 1864. For many years he served as professor of surgery at the New York medical college, as surgeon-in-chief to the State immigrant hospital, and in numerous other professional places involving great responsibility. He published numerous technical monographs, a " Treatise on Congenital Dislocations " (New York, 1850), and " Contributions to Operative Surgery," nine parts published (New York, 1877-'86).

CARO, Miguel Antonio, Colombian author, b. in Bogota, Colombia, 10 Nov., 1843. While very young he became noted for his knowledge of the Latin classics. He contributed to periodicals, and edited several works. He is the author of " Poesi- as " (1866) ; " Estudios sobre el utilitarismo " (1869) ; " Gramatica latina," in collaboration with R. J. Cuervo ; " Tratado del participio " ; " Horas de amor," and other books. But his reputation is chiefly due to his translation into Spanish verse of Virgil's complete works (3 vols., 1873-'5). He is a corresponding member of the Royal Spanish acad- emy, and one of the founders of the Colombian academy ; he has been a representative and senator in the Colombian congress, and is now (1886) na- tional librarian. — His father, Jose Eusebio Card, is a man of some note in Colombian literature.

CARON, René Edward, Canadian statesman, b. in the parish of Ste. Anne Cote de Baupre, Lower Canada, in 1800; d. 13 Dec, 1876. He received his education at the seminary of Quebec, and at the College of St. Pierre, Riviere du Sud, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1826. The following year he was elected mayor of Quebec, retaining that office until 1837. In 1841 he became