Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/545

Rh senate. In 1878 he was sworn in as receiver- general, in 1879 as postmaster-general, in January, 1880, as minister of militia, in May, 1881, as minister of justice, and in 1887 became lieutenant-governor of Ontario, in 1879 he was knighted.

CAMPBELL, Alexander Augustus, clergy- man, b. in Amherst co., Va., 30 Dec, 1789; d. in Jackson, Tenn., 27 May, 1846. After receiving a common-school education, he studied medicine, and was graduated at Philadelphia in 1811. For sev- eral years he had been an infidel, but became con- verted during an attack of yellow fever. After practising medicine in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama, he began the study of divinity, was licensed to preach by the North Alabama presby- tery, 22 April, 1822, and was ordained 29 Sept., 1823. He was pastor of churches in Tuscumbia, Russellville, and Florence, Ala., was a missionary in west Tennessee, and became pastor at Jackson, Tenn., 3 Oct., 1833, where he also lectured, edited the Jackson " Protestant," and practised medicine, chiefly among the Cherokee and Creek riiission- aries. Pie published a treatise on " Scripture Bap- tism " (1844).

CAMPBELL, Andrew, inventor, b. near Tren- ton, N. J., 14 June, 1821 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 13 April, 1890. He received a common-school edu- cation, and, after a year's experience as a farmer's boy, he was apprenticed to learn the trade of car- riage-making at Mattawan, N. J., but, as he was only allowed to work on stormy days, he ran away to Trenton, where he learned to make brushes. At this time, early in 1837, he made his first invention, the brush-drawer's vise, which is now universally used. In April, 1837, he started for the west, and after a journey lasting over five months, part of which was made on foot, he reached Alton, 111., where he again apprenticed himself to a carriage-maker. He went to St. Louis in 1842, and for a time resumed the brush business. During his residence there he aided in the construction of the first omnibus ever used in St. Louis, and also designed and built in 1846 the " Great Western," the largest omnibus ever seen on a common road, which seated easily 50 and often carried 100 at a time. It was the first monitor top vehicle ever built. In 1850 he removed to Paducah, to put into operation some box machinery, but was induced to go into bridge- building, and constructed over Cedar river, Iowa, the longest single-span wooden bridge ever erected, it being 558 feet between abutments. He removed in 1851 to Linneus. Mo. Prior to this time his attention had not been specially devoted to print- ing-presses, although in 1844, while in St. Louis, he repaired an old press belonging to ths " Repub- lican," and later the presses of the " Statesman " in Columbia, Mo., one of which was the first press west of the Mississippi, having been taken originally to St. Louis in 1808. At Linneus, his attention was called to the fact that George Bruce, of New York, offered $1,000 for a press that would print 500 copies an hour, and could be sold for f 500. The solution of this problem occupied him for some time, but, on corresponding with Mr. Bruce, he found that the time had expired in which to submit his plans. The world's fair, held in New York in 1853. aiforded him tlie opportunity of visiting the metropolis, and he devised a lathe capable of turning fifty match-boxes a minute, which was disposed of at the exhibition. While in New York he submitted his plans to the leading press-builders, but failed to convince them of their value. He then invented a machine intended to feed forty sheets a minute, which he persuaded A. B. Taylor «&. Co. to build for him. He entered the employ of this firm as foreman of the printing- press factory, and continued with it until 1858, meanwhile becoming familiar with the details of manufacture and inventing numerous devices, among which was the endless band-fly used on the Bullock press. During these years he built presses for Harper Brothers and Frank Leslie, among which were the first ever produced in this country with table distribution; and the first automatic press ever built he set up for Mr. Leslie in 1857. A year later he began business for himself, and in 1861 brought out his country-newspaper press, which was the first registering power-printing press for color-work ever invented. This press, for sim- plicity of construction, thorough distribution, clearness and beauty of impression, and perfection of register, was far superior to anything then made. In 1866 he invented his two-revolution book-press, and in 1868 his art-press for fine illus- trations. Later he constructed for J. C. Ayer & Co. the first super-imposing press, with which it was possible to print 120 almanacs a minute, and on which 7,000,000 impressions have been taken from one form without perceptible damage to the plates. In 1876 he contracted to build for the Cleveland " Leader " a press from which 12,000 copies could be printed in an hour, and constructed the first press ever built that printed, inserted, pasted, folded, and cut in one continuous operation. He has since made numerous improvements in his presses, and his patents, numbering nearly fifty, are applied to everv branch of press-building.

CAMPBELL, Sir Archibald, British soldier, b. in Inverary, Scotland, in 1739: d. in London, England, 31 March, 1791. He was appointed cap- tain in the 42d regiment in October, 1758; major in December, 1760; and lieutenant-colonel of the 71st regiment in 1775. While entering Boston harbor just after Gen. Howe had departed, he was taken prisoner with a portion of his corps, and was made a subject of retaliation for the cruel treatment of captive American officers, ' Notwith- standing this, he afterward displayed gentleness and humanity toward his foes, when conducting active ojjerations in the south, where he proved himself a brave and skilful commander. He led an expedition against Savannah, Ga., in 1778, start- ing from Sandy Hook on 27 Nov. with 2,000 troops and a small squadron. He landed his force on 29 Dec, and on the same day defeated Gen. Robert Howe and took the city. He issued orders to com- manders in the lower part of the state to treat the people leniently ; and in answer to his proclama- tion, inviting them to join the BritiL^h standard, several hundred proclaimed their loyalty. Camp- bell then encouraged the tories of South Carolina to join him in an attack on Augusta, and on 29 Jan.,. 1779, marched on that city with 2,000 men. He took possession of it, but was obliged to retreat to Savannah on 13 Feb. He became colonel on 7 Dec, 1779, and major-general 20 March. 1782, He was governor of Jamaica from 1781 till 1784, knighted in 1785, and governor of Madras from 1785 till 1789, commanding the forces on the coast of Coromandel, East Indies. He was member of parliament for Sterling from 1774 till 1780, and again in 1789.

CAMPBELL, Bartley, dramatist, b. in Allegheney Citv, Pa., 12 Aug.' 1843 ; d. in Middletown, N. Y., 30 July, 1888. In 1856 he entered a Pittsburg law office, but was declared an unpromising student, and in 1858 became a reporter for the Pittsburg "Leader." In 1863 and 1864 he made public speeches in the interest of the democratic party. He founded the "' Evening Mail " in Pittsburg in