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Rh ish army against the French, distinguishing him- self greatly at the battle of Barrosa. He was a member to the Cortes of 1813, and acted as secre- tary of that assembly. He subsequently returned to South America, and joined the revolutionists, fighting to the end of the war. From 1823 till 1827 he belonged to the congress of Colombia, and in the latter year was promoted to the rank of general. Afterward Caicedo several times filled the office of secretary of state, and was president and vice-president of the old republic of Colom- bia, and finally of New Granada.

CAIN, Richard Harvey, clergyman, b. in Greenbrier county, Va., 12 April, 1825; d. in Wash- ington, D. C. 18 Jan., 1887. He removed to Ohio in 1831, settled in Gallipolis, and became a minister at an early age. In 1860 he entered Wilberforee university, Xenia, Ohio, and in 1865 went south and engaged in the work of reconstruction. In 1867 he was elected to the constitutional convention of South Carolina, and the year following to the senate of that state. He was elected to congress for two terms, serving from 1876 till 1880. In 1880 he was chosen bishop by the General conference of the African Methodist "Episcopal church, and was appointed to supervise its interests in Louisiana and Texas. In the latter state he organized Paul Quinn college at Waco. He was presiding bishop of the first Episcopal district of the African Methodist Ejaiscopal church, embracing the conferences of New York, New Jersey, New England, and Phila- delphia. In 1873 the degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Wilberforee university.

CAINES, George, legal writer, b. in 1771 ; d. in Catskill, N. Y., 10 July, 1825. He was for many years official reporter for the supreme court of New York. He published " Lex Mercatoria Americana " (1802) ; " Cases in the Court of Errors " (2 vols., 1805-7) ; " Forms of the N. Y. Supreme Court " (1808); "Summary of the Practice in the N. Y. Supreme Court " (1808) ; " Cases in the Court for the Trial of Impeachments," etc. (2 vols., 1805-'7); " N. Y. Supreme Court Reports " (3 vols., 1803-'5 ; 2d ed., 1852).

CAJlGAL, Francisco Antonio (kah-he'-gahl), marquis of Cajigal, b. in Santander, Spain, in 1695 ; d. in Spain in 1777. In 1738 he was appointed governor of Santiago de Cuba, and in 1742 he re- pelled an attack of the English admiral Vernon, who suffered great losses. From 1747 till 1760 he was governor-general of Cuba. During his admin- istration the offices of the marine department wei'e removed from Vera Cruz to Havana, the latter port being considered the safer of tlie two on account of its fortifications. He also established the navy- yard, where so many ships were built for the Span- ish navy, and the arsenal. In 1760 Cajigal was ap- pointed viceroy of Mexico ad interim, and in 1761 returned to Spain.

CAJIGAL Y MONSERRATE, Juan Manuel, Cuban soldier, b. in Santiago de Cuba, in 1739; d. in 1811. Pie entered the army, and in 1762 went to Spain. He took part in the Spanish and English war of 1762-'3, and in the siege of Gibraltar in 1778. In 1780 he went to Cuba, and took part, in 1781, in the attack on Pensacola, Florida, by the Spanish fieet and army, where his bravery was rewarded by a brevet of lieutenant-general. He was appointed, in 1782, governor-general of Cuba, and in the same year took from the English the city of Nassau, New Providence. Cajigal, though a good soldier, proved to be an incompetent governor, and a few months after taking possession of his office, he was recalled by the Madrid government, and was confined in a castle near Cadiz for four years. In 1789 he was reinstated by the king of Spain in his former rank. ^

CALAFQUÍN (cal-af-keen'), Araucanian soldier, cacique of Trapan, Chili, b. about 1540 ; d. in 1602. He succeeded Colcur in the command of the Araucanian armies in 1599, being then somewhat advanced in years and having a long experience in warfare. Early in 1599 he had several encounters with the Spanish general, Viscarra, and kept him at bay until, in July, Gen. Quinones routed the Indians in a long and bloody battle on the plains of Yumpel. Calaf quin introduced in his army the military training and tactics that he had learned from the Spaniards, organized his cavalry with horses taken from the enemy in many encounters, and was the first Indian chief that taught his troops to use European arms. On 14 Nov., 1599, he arrived before the city of Valdivia at the head of more than 4,000 Indians, among them sixty armed with arquebuses and 200 protected with cuirasses, also taken from the Spaniards. Pie de- feated the defenders of the place, entered the city, slaughtered most of the men, carried away all the women, and ransacked the buildings and burned them. In the two following years he frequently defeated the Spaniards, and in 1601 routed Gen. Alonso de Rivera near Concepcion, and attacked the city, which was entirely destroyed by the Indians. Many of the Spanish settlements south of the Biobio river were also destroyed by Calafquin's troops in 1602.

CALANCHA, Antonio de La, author, b. in Chuquisaca in 1584; d. in Lima in 1654. He was a professor in the theological college of Lima. He wrote the " Cronica moralizada del Orden de S. Agustin " (1639 ; Latin translation, 1650) ; " De los "\'arones ilustres del Orden de S. Agustin " ; and '• P)e Immaculatte Virginis Marian Conceptionis Certitudine " (Lima, 1629).

CALDAS, Francisco Jose de, Colombian naturalist, b. in Popayan, 4 Oct., 1771 ; d. 29 Oct., 1816. He mastered the rudiments of astronomy, botany, and medicine, and constructed a barometer and sextant, although he had not even books to guide him in his studies. He accompanied for some time the Spanish explorer, J. C. Mutis, in Peru and New Granada. Subsequently he explored the Andes and the Magdalena river, and in 1804 measured the height of Chimborazo and Tunguragua. He was afterward director of the observatory at Bogota, and in 1807 began the " Seminario de la Nueva Gra- nada," a scientific journal, republished in Paris in 1849. Pie was executed by order of Morillo, for espousing the cause of inde]iendence.

CALDAS PEREIRA DE SOUZA, Antonio, Brazilian poet, b. in Rio de Janeiro, 23 Nov., 1762 ; d. there, 2 March, 1814. He studied at the Univer- sity of Coinibra in Portugal, and spent most of his life in Europe, returning to Brazil in 1808. While at the university, he gave umbrage to the inquisi- tion, and, on being consigned to a convent, devoted himself to the clerical profession. His writings have a high moral tone, especially his ode on " Man in the State of Barbarism." They were published under the title of " Poesias Sagradas e Profanas," with a commentary by Gen. Stockier (Paris, 1821 ; new ed., Coimbra, 1836). His translation of the Psalms is noted for its beauty.

CALDERÓN, Fernando, Mexican dramatist, b. in Guadalajara, 20 July, 1809 ; d. in Ojocaliente, 18 Jan., 1845. He was a colonel, a state legislator, a judge and secretary in the government of Zacatecas, as well as an industrious writer. His finest dramas are: "The Tourney," "Anne Boleyn," and "The Return of the Crusader." Even his lyrical