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300 John and Charles Wesley, and a number of awak- ened students at Oxford. His influence upon John Wesley formed and directed, to a considerable extent, the religious convictions of the founder of Methodism, and it is recorded in Wesley's published journal that Boehler was the person through whose instrumentality Wesley was brought to believe in Christ. Having reached Georgia, Boehler devoted himself to evangelistic labors among the negroes and Oglethorpe's colonists, and subsequently in the German settlement in South Carolina. When the Moravian colony, in consequence of the war with Spain, was broken up in 1740, he led the remnant to Pennsylvania, and there established the settlement of Bethlehem. On the Delaware river Boehler was met by Count Zinzendorf, Nitschman, the first bishop of the renewed Unitas Fratrum, and the elders David Nitschman and Arma, who had come to America on a mission to the Indians. He accompanied them in their perilous undertaking, and underwent severe toils and privations. In 1741 he returned to Europe, and two years later brought a large colony of Moravians to America. For several years he officiated as pastor of the Moravians at Bethlehem, and came to be recognized as one of the superintendents of the sect. As the church expanded, the community of Nazareth was founded by Boehler near the original settlement. In 1745 he again went to Europe, where, on 10 Jan., 1748, he was consecrated to the episcopacy at Herrnhut and given the oversight of the churches in England. Ireland, Wales, and America. After discharging the duties of his office in various parts of Germany and England, he arrived in 1753 a third time in America, where he assisted in superintending the Moravian churches until 1764, when he was called to Germany to take his seat in the directory, which stood at the head of the whole Unitas Fratrum. He died while on an official visit to the English churches. Bishop Boehler is highly esteemed, even at the present day, both among Wesleyans and Methodists ; the former, as a visible token of what he did for John Wesley, have built a memorial chapel in London, known as the Peter Boehler chapel. See T. P. Lockwood's "Memorials of the Life of Peter Boehler" (London, 1868).

BOEHM, Henry (bame), clergyman, b. in Co- nestoga, Pa., 8 June, 1775 ; d. near Richmond, Staten Island, 28 Dec, 1875. His grandfather, Jacob (b. in Switzerland in 1693), having become a disciple of the Baptist Menno, came to America in 1715 and settled in Lancaster, Pa., then a colony of Mennonites. Martin, father of Henry, was in early life a licensed preacher among the Mennonites, but afterward joined the Moravian Brethren, and finally became a Methodist. In 1791 the Methodists built a chapel on land given by his uncle. In this building, known as Boehm's Chapel, Henry first heard Bishop Asbury preach in 1799. His own life as an itinerant began in 1800, on the eastern shore of Maryland. In 1803 he made a short tour with the bishop as his travelling companion, and in 1808 and the four succeeding years accompanied the bishop, who was feeble and rheumatic, in all his travels. Speaking German as well as English, Boehm often preached to the German colonists in various parts of America. He journeyed about 40,000 miles with Bishop Asbury, and during his entire itinerary travelled on horseback more than 100,000 miles. He was appointed presiding elder of the Schuylkill district by Bishop Asbury, who made him one of his executors. He also made tours with Bishops George and McKendree. In 1842 he was placed on the supernumerary list and stationed on Staten Island, where he continued to preach for many years. Father Boehm, as he was called, was seventy-four years in the ministry, and at the time of his death was the oldest Methodist preacher in America. A special service was held 8 June, 1875, in celebration of his hundredth birthday. He published a volume of "Reminiscences of Sixty-four Years in the Ministry" (New York, 1805), of which a new edition was published in 1875, with additional chapters and notes by the Rev. Dr. J. B. Wakeley and others, with a preface by Boehm, dated July, 1875.

BOERNSTEIN, Henry (bairnstine), journalist, b. in Hamburg, 4 Nov., 1805; d. in Vienna, Austria, 10 Sept., 1892. His parents removed to Lemberg, where he received a medical education. After serving in the Austrian army, he was some years connected with the stage in Vienna; became manager of the German opera at Paris in 1842, and a playwright, and came to the United States in December, 1848. In March, 1850, he became editor and proprietor of the &ldquo;Anzeiger des Westens,&rdquo; published in St. Louis.

BOERUM, Simon, patriot, b. of Dutch parents in New Lots, Kings eo., N. Y., 29 Feb., 1724 ; d. at his house at Brooklyn Ferry, 11 July, 1775. He was a farmer, and for twenty-five years county clerk. He was a patriotic member of the New York general assembly from 1761 till 1775, and of the continental congress of 1774 and 1775. See "Life of Simon Boerum," by Franklin Burdge (1876) ; also an account of the defeat of Galloway's plan, in the "Magazine of American History" for April, 1879.

BOGARDUS, Abraham, photographer, b. in Fishkill, N. Y., 29 Nov., 1822. He received his early education at the Newburg Academy, and at the age of fourteen became a dry-goods clerk in New York. After several years' experience in this line he was induced to take lessons in making daguerreotypes from George W. Prosch, and, finding this occupation agreeable, he opened in 1846 a gallery in New York. At first progress was very slow, and frequently he found it impossible to make more than two pictures a week. Later the photograph was invented, and he at once began the production of this kind of pictures. His business increased rapidly, and frequently orders amounting to one hundred dozen photographs were received during a single day. Numerous improvements in the preparations of solutions, processes, and apparatus have been devised by him, and he has published many articles on the technicalities of his business in the photographic journals. Mr. Bogardus was active in the establishment of the national photographic association in 1868, and was elected its president by acclamation at that time, and for the ensuing five years. His presidential addresses are valuable contributions to the literature of the art.

BOGARDUS, Everardus, clergyman, b. in Holland ; drowned in Bristol channel, 27 Sept., 1647. He came to New Amsterdam in 1633, and was the second minister in the colony. He publicly accused Gov. Van Twiller, whom he had accompanied from flolland, of mal-administration, and in consequence was himself charged with unbecoming conduct, and was about to depart for Holland in order to defend himself, but was detained by Gov. Kieft. In 1642 a new church was built for him. The following year he warned Gov. Kieft against making war upon the Indians, and in 1645 denounced him for drunkenness and rapacity. Kieft brought the clergyman to trial, but the dispute was compromised. When Kieft returned to Holland, after the arrival of Stuyvesant in 1647. Bogardus sailed in the same vessel, to answer