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300 ful experiments in electro-metallurgy, and also in the microscopic analysis of metals, the results of which have appeared in different technical journals, notably in a paper on "Microscopic Analysis," which was published in the "Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers." He was among the first to examine health problems from an American standpoint, and his study of sanitary conditions in New Jersey, where he resides, made him prominent as an authority on such subjects. He has delivered lectures on sanitary topics in New York, and in all of the prominent cities of the union, and is the author of the first standard American work on the mechanics of hygiene, "House Drainage and Water Service" (New York, 1876), of which seven editions have been issued. In 1883 he was elected president of the New Jersey State Sanitary Association, and was appointed a commissioner to devise a system of sewers and sanitary improvements for the city of Trenton. He is an active member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and, besides other offices, has twice filled that of president (1884 and 1885). His addresses before this body have been well-considered and thoughtful essays on "The Study of Iron and Steel" (1884); "Causes of Industrial Depression" (1884); "Industrial Competition" (1885); "Iron Manufacture in the Southern States" (1885); "The Engineer and the Wage-Earner" (1885); "Professional Ethics" (1886). He was also active in the founding of the American Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and was one of its original members. In 1886 he became a non-resident lecturer at the Sibley School of Engineering in Cornell, and has delivered a series of lectures on "The Labor Problem" before that institution. In connection with that subject he has published "The Shop Council" (New York, 1886), in which he strives to reconcile the views of the employer and the wage-earner.

BAYLEY, James Roosevelt, R. C. archbishop, b. in New York city, 28 Aug., 1814; d. in Newark, N. J., 3 Oct., 1877. He received his early education in Mount Pleasant school near Amherst, and then entered Trinity college, Hartford, where he graduated in 1835. As his father and grandfather had been eminent members of the medical profession, he determined to follow in their footsteps. But after studying medicine for a year, he abandoned it for theology, with the intention of entering the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. His theological studies were pursued under the direction of the Rev. Samuel F. Jarvis at Middletown, Conn., and on their conclusion he was appointed rector of the Episcopal church in Harlem, where he remained during 1840-'l, At this time the cholera was ravaging the city, and Mr. Bayley's devotion to its victims excited much admiration. He had become dissatisfied with some of the doctrines of the Episcopal church, and toward the end of 1841 resigned his charge and visited Europe. He was received into the Catholic church at Rome in 1842, and entered the seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, the same year, to prepare himself for the priesthood. He was recalled by Bishop Hughes and ordained in 1844, and then sent to St. John's college, Fordham, and became vice-president of that institution until 1845, and acting president in 1846. He was next appointed pastor of a church on Staten Island, near the lower quarantine, and also chaplain to the ship-fever hospital. Bishop Hughes made him his private secretary in December, 1846, and he did much to secure the success of the bishop's plans for the progress of the Catholic church in New York. He also collected a mass of valuable information in regard to the early history of the Catholic church in New York, much of which would have perished but for his researches. In 1853, on the recommendation of Archbishop Hughes and his suffragans, he was created the first bishop of Newark. He took possession of his diocese on 1 Nov. of the same year, and found it was a poorly cultivated missionary district, with few priests and no Catholic institutions; but he soon made it one of the most prosperous dioceses in the United States. One of his first efforts was to establish Seton Hall college at South Orange, in 1856. A theological seminary was next attached to the college, from which a large number of graduates have entered the ministry. He brought a colony of nuns from Europe, by whose aid he founded the convent at Madison, N. J., for the instruction of young girls. He introduced throughout the diocese the religious orders of Passionists, Dominicans, Augustinians, and others. He was an extensive traveller, and made several journeys to Europe and the Holy Land; visited Rome officially in 1862 for the canonization of the Japanese martyrs, and in 1867 for the centenary of the apostles. In 1869 he took part in the deliberations of the œcumenical council. His observations during his travels took the form of lectures delivered in his diocese and elsewhere. By a papal brief he was translated to the see of Baltimore in 1872, which is the highest in rank in the United States. His health steadily declined; but he worked as earnestly as ever, and through his exertions the cathedral of Baltimore was freed from debt, and he was thus enabled to consecrate it after his installation. He was created apostolic delegate in 1875, and in this capacity imposed the beretta on Cardinal McCloskey. He went to Europe in April, 1877, hoping to derive benefit from the Vichy waters; but grew worse, and returned to America to die. He published a "Sketch of the History of the Catholic Church on the Island of New York" (New York, 1853; revised ed., 1869); "Memoirs of Simon Gabriel Brute, First Bishop of Vincennes" (1860); and "Pastorals for the People."

BAYLEY, Richard, physician, b. in Fairfield, Conn., in 1745; d. on Staten Island, N. Y., 17 Aug., 1801. He studied medicine under Dr.Charlton, and afterward in the hospitals of London. In 1772 he returned to New York and began to practise. At this period he devoted special attention to the pathology of croup, and suggested a new method for its treatment. His views became universally accepted, and he published "A View of the Croup" (1781). In 1775 he revisited England, where he studied and practised under Dr. hunter, and in the spring of 1776 returned to this country as surgeon in the English army under Gen. Howe. This office he resigned in the following year, but remained in New York and continued in the practice of his profession until his death. In 1787 he began the delivery of lectures on surgery, and in 1788 his collection of specimens illustrating morbid anatomy were totally destroyed by the "doctor's mob." He was elected the first professor of anatomy in Columbia college (1792), a chair which he afterward (1793) exchanged for that of surgery. For some time he was health officer of the port of New York, and in that capacity he strenuously exerted himself to obtain the passage of proper quarantine laws, in which he was finally successful. The causes of yellow fever were very carefully studied by him, and in 1797 he published a work in which he contended that its origin was due entirely to local causes, and therefore that it