Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/140

116 Atta-Culla-Culla and conducted secretly to the British headquarters on the frontier of Virginia. Through Atta-Culla-Culla's influence Capt. Stuart was received by the Cherokees, after peace was restored, as the British agent and superintendent of Indian affairs at the south.

ATTUCKS, Crispus, a mulatto, or half-breed Indian, killed 5 March, 1770, in what is known as the Boston massacre. He was a resident of Framingham. On the day of the massacre he was prominent in a crowd of people who were jeering at the soldiers and annoying them in every possible way. Finally Preston, the captain of the day, ordered his men to fire, and Attucks was the first to fall. Preston and six of his men were tried and acquitted by a Boston jury. John Adams, who defended them, charged Attacks with having &ldquo;undertaken to be the hero of the night,&rdquo; and with having precipitated a conflict by his &ldquo;mad behavior.&rdquo; He is praised by others for his courage, and is said to have been leaning quietly on a stick at the moment he was killed. He was about fifty years of age at the time of the affair. His body, together with those of the other victims, was borne in great pomp through the streets of Boston, and all were deposited in one common vault. All the shops were closed, and the bells of the city and neighboring towns were tolled. See Bancroft's &ldquo;History of the United States,&rdquo; and also an article on Attucks in the &ldquo;American Historical Record&rdquo; for 1872.

ATWATER, Caleb, lawyer, b. in North Adams, Mass., 25 Dec., 1778; d. in Circleville, Ohio, 13 March, 1867. He was graduated at Williams college in 1804, studied law, and became a successful practitioner. He moved to Ohio in 1811, where for some years he was a member of the state legislature, and postmaster of Circleville. He was also Indian commissioner under. He published “A Tour to Prarie du Chien” (1831); “Western Antiquities” (1833); “Writings of Caleb Atwater” (1833); “History of Ohio” (1838); and an “Essay on Education” (1841). An article on the “Writings of Caleb Atwater” is to be found in the Cincinnati “Western Monthly Magazine” for 1834.

ATWATER, Lyman Hotchkiss, scholar, b. in New Haven, Conn., 20 Feb., 1818; d. in Princeton. N. J., 17 Feb., 1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1831, and at the theological seminary in 1884. In 1833 he was a tutor in Yale college," and in 1835 became pastor of the Congregational church at Fairfield, Conn., where he remained until 1854, contributing meanwhile to various religious periodicals. In 1854 he was appointed professor of mental and moral philosophy in Princeton, and in 1869 he became professor of logic and of moral and political science, and editor of the "Princeton Review." He was also acting president of the college for several years. He published a "Manual of Elementary Logic" (1867).

ATWATER, Wilbur Olin, chemist, b. in Johnsburg, N. Y., 3 May, 1844. He was graduated at Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1865. then studied chemistry at New Haven, and received the degree of Ph. D. from Yale in 1869, after which he spent some time at the universities of Leipsic and Berlin, Germany. Subsequent to his return to the United States, during 1871-2, he held the chair of chemistry in East Tennessee university, and in 1873 he was called to fill a similar appointment in the Maine state college. In the same year he returned to Wesleyan university as professor of chemistry. From 1875 to 1877 he was director of the Connecticut agricultural experimental station. His published papers are very numerous, and have appeared in the scientific journals of Germany and France, as well as in those of the United States. In conjunction with G. B. Goode he is the author of " The American Menhaden " (New York, 1879). He has made a special study of the composition of food material, and constructed charts to show the relative values. See "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1883.

AUBER, Pierre Alexandre, French naturalist, b. in Havre in 1784; d. in Cuba in 1843. He went to Cuba in 1883, and was appointed professor of botany in the university of Havana and director of the botanic garden. He projected the first railway in Cuba, which was built in 1885, the first in any Spanish-speaking country.

AUBER, Virginia Felicia, Cuban author, b. in Coruña, Spain, in 1825. She went to Cuba in 1883 and resided there until 1878, when she re- turned to Europe. She wrote much under the pen name "Felicia," and published several novels, the best of which are "Perseverancia," "Otros tiempos," "Un amor misterioso," and "Una habanera."

AUBREY, Lady Letitia, of Worminghurst, Sussex, England, was the daughter of William Penn, and was made owner and ruler of the "Barony of Nazareth," a tract of 5,000 acres in the heart of Northampton co.. Pa. Her title was confirmed by deed of her half brothers, under date of September, 1781, "on yielding and paying therefor, to the said John Penn, Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn, their heirs and assigns. One Red Rose, on the 24th day of June yearly, if the same shall be demanded, in full for all services, customs, and rents." Authentic copies of the deed are in existence, and according to tradition the rent was formally paid with due ceremony by Ijady Letitia. The "Red Rose Tavern " was until 1783 the principal inn of the barony. The land was sold to the Moravians in 1741.

AUBREY, Capt. d', knight of St. Louis, d. 24 Feb., 1770. He was an officer in the French army. On 14 Sept., 1758, he defeated Maj. Grant at Fort Duquesne. In 1759 he was taken prisoner by Sir William Johnson at Niagara. In New Orleans he was commandant, and on 4 Feb., 1765, succeeded to the government. He surrendered the colony to Ulloa in March, 1766; but, after the expulsion of that governor in 1768, he resumed the administration until Gen. O'Reilly came in July, 1769. On his return voyage to France he was wrecked and drowned in the Garonne.

AUCHMUTY, Robert (ok-mu'-te), lawyer, b. in Scotland; d. in Boston, Mass., in April, 1750. He was descended from a family settled in Fife, Scotland, in the 14th century. His father removed to Ireland in 1699, and the son emigrated to America and settled in Boston, where he practised law with success. He was appointed to the court of admiralty in 1703, which office he resigned shortly afterward; but he was reappointed in 1733. He was in England in 1741 as agent for the colony, and in that year published in London a pamphlet entitled &ldquo;The Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, and a Plan for Taking the Place.&rdquo; &mdash; His son, Robert, b. in Boston; d. in Marylebone, England, in December, 1788. He was an eloquent and successful advocate in Boston, was one of the counsel for the soldiers engaged in the Boston massacre, and became a judge of admiralty in 1769, but in 1776, being a zealous Loyalist, withdrew to England. His and Hutchinson's letters from Boston, sent over by Franklin, in 1773, caused great excitement. &mdash; Another son, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Boston, 16 Jan., 1722; d. in New York, 6 March, 1777, was graduated at Harvard in 1742, studied theology in England, and was appointed assistant minister of Trinity church in New York. In 1764 he became