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98 pression on the mind of young Arnold, who denounced the act as unwarranted tyranny, and in after years remembered and acted upon his convictions in his hostility to President Jackson. He was admitted to the bar in Knoxville, Tenn., in March, 1822, and, quickly attaining distinction in his profession, was elected to congress in 1831 on the whig ticket after he had been twice defeated. Taking a prominent stand on the political issues of the day, he was fearless in his criticism, and generally opposed the administration. On 14 May, 1832, he made a speech against Senator Houston and a certain Maj. Morgan A. Heard, who had had some connection with the western army. In this speech he used the expression " capable of any crime," and indulged in severe personalities. On leaving the capitol, and while yet in the midst of more than 200 senators and members, he was assaulted by Heard, who fired upon him with a horse pistol, wounding him in the arm, and then struck him with a cane. Arnold knocked his assailant down, wrenched away the pistol, and carried it off as a trophy, while Heard was left for several hours where he fell. The admirers of Mr. Arnold presented him the next day with a highly wrought sword-cane with the inscription, "Presented to Thomas D. Arnold for his brave defence against the attack of Morgan A. Heard." In 1836 he was elected brigadier-general of Tennessee militia, and in 1841 was returned to congress, serving from 31 May, 1841, till 3 March, 1843. when he re- tired from political life and devoted himself to the practice of law. He had a notable controversy with William 0. Brownlow.

AROSEMENA, Justo, Colombian jurist, b. in Panama in 1817; d. in Panama, 24 Feb.. 1896. He was secretary of state several times, president of the congress, and Colombian minister successively to Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Central America, France, England, and the United States.

ARPIN, Paul, journalist, b. in France in 1811; d. in New York city, 18 May, 1865. He was the oldest French journalist in the United States. For many years he edited the "New Orleans Bee," and after that took charge of the New York "Courrier des Etats Unis." He wrote largely for the "American Cyclopaedia," contributing biographical notices of eminent Frenchmen, including Lavoisier, La Harpe, Necker, Pascal, and Palissy.

ARRASCAETA, Enrique de (ahr-ras-ah-a'-ta), Uruguayan poet, b. in Montevideo in 1819. He has been a journalist, deputy, and minister of the republic of Uruguay; but his highest reputation comes from his numerous elegant poems.

ARRATE, José Felix de, Cuban author, b. in Havana in 1697 ; d. in 176G. He studied law in Mexico, where he was admitted to the bar, and returned to his native city, where he filled some important offices. In 1761 wrote a history of Havana, the first historical work on a Cuban subject, to which he gave the title of "Llave del Nuevo Mundo y Antenmral de las Indias Occidentales," alluding to the important geographical and strategical situation of the capital of Cuba. This work remained unedited until 1830, when it was published by the real sociedad economica of Havana. A new edition was brought out in 1876, forming part of the collection entitled "Los tres primeros historiadores de Cuba." Arrate wrote also poems and a comedy, which are lost.

ARRIAGA, Pablo José (ahr-ree-ah-ga), Spanish author, b. in Vergara, Spain, in 1562. He was sent to Peru, and there founded several Jesuit colleges, being afterward prefect of Arequipa and Lima. He perished in a shipwreck in 1622, Of the works that he left finished at his death, those entitled "Extirpacion de la idolatria de los indios del Peru" (Lima, 1621) and "Directorio espiritual" (1628) are the most important.

ARRILLAGA, José Joaquin, b. in Aya, province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, in 1750; d. at Soledad Mission, C!alifornia, 24 July, 1814. In his youth Arrillaga was a volunteer in Mexico, rose in the service, became captain in 1783, and in the same year took office as lieutenant-governor of the two Californias. In 1792, on the death of Romeu, he was appointed governor, and after an interval passed once more as lieutenant-governor, from 1794 to 1804, he received a permanent appointment as governor of Alta California, 26 March, 1804, and retained the office until his death. Of all the Spanish governors of the newly settled land, he was the most uniformly successful in winning the approval of both civilians and the Catholic clergy.

ARRINGTON, Alfred W., lawyer, b. in Iredell CO., N. C, 28 Sept., 1810; d. in Chicago, Ill., 31 Dec, 1867. He was the son of Archibald Arrington, a whig member of congress from North Carolina from 1841 to 1845. In 1829 young Arrington, who had received a good education in his native state, was received on trial as a Methodist circuit preacher in Indiana, and in 1832-'33 he preached as an itinerant in Missouri, his remarkable mental powers and his eloquence everywhere drawing crowds to hear him. In 1834 he abandoned the ministry and studied law, being admitted soon after to the Missouri bar. He removed in 1835 or 1836 to Arkansas, attained distinction in his profession, and was sent to the legislature. In 1844 he was nominated an elector on the whig ticket, but withdrew his name, and avowed himself a democrat. Soon afterward he removed to Texas, and in 1850 was elected judge of the 12th district court, over which he presided till 1856. His health failing, he was compelled to seek a more northern climate and removed to Madison, Wis., where he remained but a short time. In 1857 he went to Chicago, which thenceforward was his home. In that city he soon won a very high reputation as a constitutional lawyer, practising constantly before the U. S. district and circuit courts and the supreme court at Washington. His death was hastened by overwork. He wrote much under the signature of "Charles Summerfleld," and was the author of an "Apostrophe to Water," which he puts into the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which was often quoted with great effect by John B. Gough. A volume of his poems, with a sketch of his character and a memoir, was published in Chicago in 1869. His works in book form include "Sketches of the Southwest," and "The Rangers and Regulators of the Tanaha" (New York, 1857).

ARTAGUIETTE, Diron d', French soldier, came to Louisiana as intendant commissary of the colony in 1708. Until he took charge of affairs and introduced order, the settlement could not be called a colony. He had a part in the government of Louisiana, acting as Bienville's principal coadjutor until 1711, when he returned to France, later becoming a director in Law's Mississippi company.—Diron d'Artaguiette, probably the son, was appointed inspector-general of the French troops in Louisiana, and from 1718 to 1742 rendered important services in the wars with the Indians and in civil affairs. He died at Cape Francois, St. Domingo, where he filled the position of king's lieutenant.—Pierre d'Artaguiette, a younger brother, distinguished himself in the Natchez war, and as a recognition of his merit was in 1734 appointed governor of the Illinois country, with post at