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570 Strike,&rdquo; a large composition which attracted attention on the walls of the National academy in 1886.

KOEHLER, Sylvester Rosa, author, b. in Leipsic, Germany, 11 Feb., 1837. His grandfather was a musician and composer of note, and his father an artist. Mr. Koehler came to this country in 1849, after he had received the rudiments of a classical education. His present home is in Roxbury, Mass. He edited the &ldquo;American Art Review&rdquo; while it existed, and has contributed largely on art to periodicals in this country and Europe. He has published translations of Von Betzold's &ldquo;Theory of Color,&rdquo; edited by Prof. Edward C. Pickering (Boston, 1876), and Lalanne's &ldquo;Treatise on Etching,&rdquo; with notes (1880), and is the author of &ldquo;Art Education and Art Patronage in the United States&rdquo; (1882), and &ldquo;Etching, an Outline of its Technical Processes and its History, with Some Remarks on Collections and Collecting&rdquo; (New York, 1885). Mr. Koehler wrote the text for &ldquo;Original Etchings by American Artists&rdquo; (1883) for &ldquo;Twenty Original American Etchings&rdquo; (1884) and for &ldquo;American Art&rdquo; (in press, 1887). He also edited the &ldquo;United States Art Directory and Year Book&rdquo; for 1882 and 1884, and is now (1887) engaged on a history of color-painting.

KOENIG, George Augustus, chemist, b. in Willstedt, Baden, Germany, about 1845. He was graduated at the Carlsruhe polytechnic school in 1863 as a mechanical engineer, and then studied the natural sciences, especially geology and mineralogy, at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from the former in 1867. Subsequently he spent a year at Freiberg, Saxony, where he devoted his attention to the practice of mining and metallurgy, and in October, 1868, he came to the United States. At first he was engaged in industrial chemistry, manufacturing sodium stannate from scrap tin, but in 1869 he became chemist to the Tacony chemical works in Philadelphia, for which corporation he examined mining property in Mexico, notably in the Botapelas district of Chihuahua. In 1874 he was appointed assistant professor of chemistry and mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, becoming acting professor of geology and mining in 1879, and professor of mineralogy and metallurgy in 1886. His scientific work includes the invention of chromometry or the application of complementary colors to the quantitative estimation of metals that are dissolved in known quantities of glass fluxes, the description of four new species of minerals, and the re-examination and more perfect determination of numerous other species, and the development of a method for freeing the silver from low-grade ores by the combined action of chlorine, a concentrated solution of salt, and steam pressure, for which a patent was issued in 1880, but which failed of commercial success. He is a member of scientific societies, and was one of the Seybert commission appointed by the University of Pennsylvania to investigate spiritualism. Dr. Koenig's investigations have been published in the &ldquo;Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,&rdquo; in the &ldquo;Journal&rdquo; of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, of which societies he is a member, and in other chemical journals at home and abroad.

KOENIG, Juan Ramon (kuh'-nig), South American scientist, b. in Malines, Flanders, in 1623; d. in Lima, Peru, 19 July, 1709. He was a priest, and came to Peru in 1655, in the suite of the viceroy, the Count of Alba de Aliste, who appointed him chaplain of the hospital of Espiritu Santo. Koenig taught various branches at the

college of San Marcos, especially cosmography. By royal order he visited in 1672 the principal place's of Peru to take observations of their latitude and longitude, for which purpose he had to construct for himself several mathematical instruments that were not to be obtained in Peru. In 1677 he was appointed successor of Francisco Lozano in the chair of mathematics, and was also appointed royal cosmographer. In 1781 he engraved with his own hands a map of Peru on a silver plate, which was highly praised by the French geographer, Louis Feuillet. When the viceroy, the Duke of La Palata, resolved in 1682 to fortify the city of Lima, Koenig, together with Gen. Venegas Osorio, formed the plan for the fortifications, and directed their execution. Koenig wrote &ldquo;Problema de la duplicación del Cubo&rdquo; (Madrid, 1678), and from 1680 till 1708 published in Lima daily weather observations under the title of &ldquo;Conocimiento de los tiempos.&rdquo; During his last years he had accumulated much material for a geography of Peru, but, unfortunately, after his death a friend burned nearly all his papers, to avoid making public his private matters, and thus the manuscript was lost.

KOEPPEN, Adolphus Louis, educator, b. in Copenhagen, Denmark, 14 Feb., 1804; d. in Athens, Greece, 14 April, 1873. He was destined for the army, but studied law, and in 1825 entered the royal board of commerce. In 1834, during a visit to Greece, he was invited by King Otho to fill the professorship of history, archaeology, and modern languages at the royal military college of the Euelpides, which was then situated in the island of Ægina. He was obliged to retire in 1843, in consequence of a popular demonstration against the German system of government, and returned to Denmark, but in 1846 came to the United States at the invitation of the Historical society of Philadelphia, before which he delivered a course of lectures on &ldquo;Ancient and Modern Athens and Attica.&rdquo; These were repeated within the next few years in an enlarged form before the Lowell institute in Boston, the Smithsonian institution in Washington, the University of Virginia, Brown university, and other similar bodies. In 1850-'1 he gave lectures on the political, social, and literary history of the middle ages. About the same time he accepted the professorship of history, esthetics, and modern languages in Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa. He published &ldquo;The World in the Middle Ages,&rdquo; accompanied by an &ldquo;Historico-Geographical Atlas of the Middle Ages&rdquo; (2 vols., New York, 1854).

KOERNER, Gustav, jurist, b. in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 20 Nov., 1809. He was graduated in law at Heidelberg in 1832, came to the United States in 1833, and studied American jurisprudence at Transylvania university in 1834-'5, after which he practised his profession in Belleville, Ill., where he now (1887) resides. He was a member of the legislature in 1842-'3, and judge of the supreme court of Illinois from 1845 till 1851. From 1853 till 1857 he served as lieutenant-governor of the state. He was instrumental in raising the 43d Illinois regiment in 1861, but, before its organization was completed, he was appointed colonel of volunteers in August, 1868, and assigned as aide to Gen. Frémont, upon whose removal he was assigned to Gen. Henry W. Halleck's staff, but resigned in April, 1862, owing to impaired health. In July, 1862, he was appointed U. S. minister to Spain, which post he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member for the state at large of the Chicago conventions that nominated Lincoln in 1860 and Horace Greeley in 1872. In 1867 he was appointed