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450 at the universities of Leipsic and Munich in Ger- many. In 1856 he was appointed professor of theoretical and agricultural chemistry in the Shef- field scientific school, and he has since held that chair. He early became associated with the work conducted under the auspices of the Connecticut state agricultural society, and later was chemist of the Connecticut state board of agriculture, con- tributing to both of these organizations numerous papers and reports on fertilizers and kindred sub- jects, with analyses. He is a member of scientific societies, and was elected president of the Ameri- can chemical society in 1878, also receiving in 1866 an election to the National academy of sciences, and in 1875 was chairman of the chemical section of the American association for the advancement of science. As an authority on matters pertaining to the application of chemistry to agriculture, Prof. Johnson stands deservedly high. In addition to many papers that he has furnished to scientific journals and agricultural reports — among which are the " Examination of Two Sugars (Panocite and •Pinite) from California " (1856) ; " Soil Analyses : Notice of the Agricultural Chemistry of the Geo- logical Surveys of Kentucky and Arkansas " (1861) ; "On Native Crystallized Terpin " (1867); "On Nitrification " (1869) ; and " On the Use of Potas- sium Dichromate in Ultimate Organic Analysis" (1874) — he is the author of " Peat, and its Uses as a Fertilizer and Fuel " (New York, 1866) ; " How Crops Grow" (1868; London, 1869; German ed., Braunschweig, 1871 ; Russian ed., St. Petersburg, 1873); "How Crops Feed" (1870; German ed., Braunschweig, 1872) ; and also translator and edi- tor of Fresenius's "Manual of Qualitative Anal- ysis" (1864); and his "Manual of Quantitative Analysis " (1869).

JOHNSON, Sarah Barclay, author, b. in Albe- marle county, Va., in 1837; d. in Greenwich, Conn., 21 April, 1885. Her father, Dr. James T. Barclay, was for some time a missionary in Jerusa- lem, and wrote a description of that city entitled "The City of the Great King" (Philadelphia, 1857). His daughter accompanied him on this mission, and drew most of the illustrations in his book. In 1856 she married J. Augustus Johnson, then U. S. consul-general in Syria, and returned with him to that country, where she lived many years. She afterward resided with her husband in New York city, and after 1883 in Greenwich, Conn. She was shot, together with her daughter, by her son, who took his own life immediately afterward. His act was regarded as the result of a fit of insanity. Mrs. Johnson published " The Hadji in Syria," which attained popularity (Philadelphia, 1858). Her son, Barclay (1862-85), had been re- cently graduated at the head of his class at Yale, and was a young man of much promise. He had contributed to periodicals, and published an ad- dress on education (1884).

JOHNSON, Theodore Taylor, merchant, b. in Lebanon, N. J., in 1818. He was engaged in com- merce in Philadelphia from 1843 till 1860, and in 1847 his firm were the largest shippers of bread- stuffs from that port to Great Britain. In 1849 he visited Jamaica, Central America, and Mexico, and was the bearer of government despatches to Com. Jones, commander of the fleet on the California coast. In 1862 he travelled extensively through South America. He published " California and Oregon, or Sights in the Gold Region and Scenes by the Way " (New York, 1849).

JOHNSON, Thomas, statesman, b. in St. Leon- ard's, Calvert co., Md., 4 Nov., 1732 ; d. at Rose Hill, Frederick co., Md., 25 Oct., 1819. His grandfather, Thomas Johnson, emigrated to Maryland in 1689- '90. The grandson studied law and was admitted to the bar of the general court. He represented Anne Arundel county in the house of delegates of the province from 17*62 till 1773, and was the lead- ing spirit in all the measures and discussions in opposition to the stamp-tax. On 6 Dec, 1765, he prepared and reported the instructions to Charles Garth, agent of the province in London, that the agent should exert himself in opposition to any scheme to tax the province, and on 15 Oct., 1773, he was elected one of the committee of correspond- ence. In June, 1774, he was member of the con- vention of county committees which met at An- napolis and elected deputies for the province to at- tend a general congress of representatives from all the colonies " to effect one general plan of conduct operating on the commercial connection of the colonies with the mother country for the relief of Boston and the preservation of American liberty." On 15 June, 1775, as deputy from Maryland in the congress at Philadelphia, he nominated George Washington to be commander-in-chief of the army. During 1775 he was also a member of the commit- tee of safety and of the provincial convention. On 5 Jan., 1776, he was elected senior brigadier-gen- eral of the military forces of the province. He prepared and reported a scheme for the emission of bills of credit to defray the expenses of defending the province, and was in charge of all measures and means for the public defence. On 21 May, 1776, he was re-elected to congress, but remained in the provincial convention organizing the prov- ince for resistance. On 4 July the convention re- elected him to congress, resolving that it was more important to have his services in congress than at home, and on 10 Nov. he was again elected to the Continental congress. On 14 Feb., 1777, he was elected the first governor of Maryland, and he was re-elected in 1778 and 1779. In October, 1780, he was again elected deputy to the Provincial con- gress, and in December of that year was elected a member of the house of delegates, where, on 21 Jan., 1781, he introduced a bill to confiscate all British property in Maryland. On the 29th he procured a message to be sent by the house to the senate, pressing for instructions to be sent to the Maryland deputies to sign the articles of confed- eration. Mainly owing to Johnson's efforts these instructions were given, and John Hansen and Daniel Carroll signed the articles on 1 March, 1781. Up to that time Maryland had refused to join the confederation until Virginia should agree to re- lease all lands west of the Ohio river. Gov. John- son was member of the house of delegates in Octo- ber, 1781, of the Continental congress in 1781-87, and in 1787 introduced a resolution to sell the western lands. He was member of the Maryland convention of 1789 to ratify the constitution of the United States, and was an ardent supporter of it. On the organization of the judiciary under the new government, he was appointed one of the district judges, which office he declined, and on 20 April, 1790, he was appointed chief judge of the general court of Maryland, but resigned on 7 Nov., 1791, on being appointed an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. On the resignation of John Rutledge as chief justice, Washington insisted on Judge Johnson's taking that place, but he declined. He resigned on 4 March, 1793, and on 24 Aug., 1795, was tendered the portfolio of secretary of state, which he declined. He was appointed, with Dr. Stuart and Daniel Carroll, commissioner to lay out the city of Washington. In 1774 he became engaged with Washington in the scheme for the