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448 New York, 1876); &ldquo;Famous Single and Fugitive Poems&rdquo; (1877); &ldquo;Play-Day Poems&rdquo; (1878); and, with Charles A. Dana, &ldquo;Fifty Perfect Poems&rdquo; (1882). In 1876 he tried the experiment of making an abbreviated edition of some of the greater novels of the English language (4 vols., 16 mo., New York). Mr. Johnson has written, besides numerous contributions to periodicals, &ldquo;Phaeton Rogers, a Novel of Boy Life,&rdquo; first published as a serial in &ldquo;St. Nicholas&rdquo; (New York, 1881); &ldquo;A History of the War between the United States and Great Britain in 1812-'15&rdquo; (1882); &ldquo;A History of the French War, ending in the Conquest of Canada&rdquo; (1882); &ldquo;Idler and Poet,&rdquo; a small volume of verses, of which the most popular is the hot-weather poem &ldquo;Ninety-nine in the Shade&rdquo; (Boston, 1883); and &ldquo;A Short History of the War of Secession,&rdquo; first published serially in the New York &ldquo;Examiner,&rdquo; (1888). &mdash; His wife, Helen Kendrick, author, a daughter of Asahel C. Kendrick (q. v.), was educated at the Oread institute, Worcester, Mass., and was married in 1869. In 1886 she founded in New York the Meridian, a woman's club, which meets once a month, at mid-day, for the discussion of social, economical, and literary topics. She has contributed to periodicals, is the author of &ldquo;The Roddy Books&rdquo; (3 vols., New York, 1874-'6) and &ldquo;Raleigh Westgate&rdquo; (1889), and has edited &ldquo;Tears for the Little Ones, Poems and Passages inspired by the Loss of Children&rdquo; (Boston, 1878); &ldquo;Our Familiar Songs, and Those who made Them&rdquo; (New York, 1881); &ldquo;Poems and Songs for Young People&rdquo; (1884); and &ldquo;The Nutshell Series&rdquo; (6 small vols., 1885). &mdash; His brother, Alexander Byron, educator, was graduated at Oberlin in 1853, and has since been a teacher at Avondale, Ohio. In 1875 he was president of the Ohio teachers' association, in 1881-'3 was a member of the State board of examiners, and for several years he has been a lecturer at institutes in western states. &mdash; His sister, Evangeline Maria, was graduated at Rochester free academy, and in 1877 married Joseph O'Connor, a journalist and poet. She has translated &ldquo;Fire and Flame,&rdquo; from the German of Levin Schücking (New York, 1876), and has prepared &ldquo;An Analytical Index to the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne&rdquo; (Boston, 1882), and &ldquo;An Index to the Works of Shakspere&rdquo; (New York and London, 1887). She has contributed numerous poems to periodicals, the best-known of which is that entitled &ldquo;Daughters of Toil.&rdquo;

JOHNSON, Rowland, reformer, b. in German- town, Pa., 24 May, 1816 ; d. in West Orange, N. J., 25 Sept., 1886. His parents were members of the Society of Friends, and in early life he was a preacher of that denomination. In 1850 he re- moved to New York, and became a broker and commission-merchant in that city. He was among the earliest supporters of the abolition movement, and at one time was the leader of the anti-slavery party in New York. He was also one of the first members of the Union league club, and was ac- tive in charitable organizations.

JOHNSON, Samuel, educator, b. in Guilford, Conn., 14 Oct., 1696 ; d. in Stratford, Conn., 6 Jan., 1772. His great-grandfather, Robert, came from Kingston-upon-Hull, England, to New Haven, about 1637. Samuel was graduated at Yale in 1714, and in 1716, when the college was removed from Saybrook to New Haven, he became one of its tu- tors. He resigned in 1719, having meanwhile studied theology, and in March, 1720, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in West Haven. During his residence at New Haven several circumstances occurred to give him a predilection for episcopacy, and he would have preferred Episcopal to Congre- gational ordination, but deemed it prudent to con- form to the prevailing ecclesiastical usages of the country. In 1722 he met Mr. Pigot, an Episco- palian clergyman, who was settled at Stratford, and introduced him to his college friends. A series of meetings that followed resulted in the conver- sion of President Timothy Cutler, Tutor Daniel Brown, and himself to episcopacy, and he sailed with his friends for England, where all three were ordained. On his return to Connecticut, Mr. Johnson was assigned to the mission at Strat- ford. Soon after the arrival of Dean Berkeley in this country, Mr. Johnson made his acquaint- ance, and began a correspondence with him which continued throughout life. When Berkeley was about to return to Europe, Mr. Johnson suggested to him the gifts to Yale that he afterward made. (See Berkeley, George.) Mr. Johnson had not been long settled at Stratford when he felt called upon to engage with his pen in the defence of epis- copacy. In 1725 he was brought into a contro- versy with Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, of Elizabeth- town, N. J., and afterward with the Rev. Thomas Foxcroft, of Boston. In 1732 a similar contro- versy began between him and Rev. John Graham, of Woodbury, Conn., which did not end until 1736. During the revival in connection with Whitefield's labors, he published a pamphlet for the times, con- taining his views on the divine sovereignty (Bos- ton, 1745), which was replied to by Mr. Dickinson, and later, to counteract what he deemed the dan- gerous views that were then spreading, he issued a work on moral philosophy, entitled " A System of Morality " (1746). In 1744 his congregation had so increased that it was considered necessary to find a new place of worship. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin published in Philadelphia an enlarged edition of Dr. Johnson's "System of Morality," under the title of "Elementa Philosophica," for the use of the college that was about to be estab- lished in that city, and the author was urged to become the president of the institution, but de- clined. In the following year several residents of New York, chiefly Episcopalians, invited him to remove to that city preparatory to becoming presi- dent of a college (King's, afterward Columbia), for which an act of assembly had been obtained. This invitation he accepted, and began his la- bors on 17 July, 1754, with a class of ten pupils, of whom only seven were graduated. Under his rule the institution was guided through its early troubles, subscriptions were obtained for its endow- ment, and its policy and course of study regulated. He continued to hold office until early in 1763, when he resigned on account of family troubles and his advanced age. He then returned to Strat- ford to reside with his son, and the following year was again appointed to the charge of his old parish, where he remained until his death. Dr. Johnson received the degree of M. A. from both Oxford and Cambridge in 1723, and that of D. D. from the former in 1743. His published works, besides those already mentioned, include " A Letter from a Min- ister of the Church of England to his Dissenting Parishioners " (New York, 1733) ; " A Second Let- ter" (Boston, 1734); "A Third Letter" (1737); "A Sermon Concerning the Obligations we are under to Love and Delight in the Public Worship of God" (1746); "A Demonstration of the Reason- ableness, Usefulness, and Great Duty of Prayer " (New York, 1760) ; " A Sermon on the Beauty of Holiness in the Worship of the Church of England " (1761); and "An English and Hebrew Grammar" (London, 1767 ; 2d ed., 1771). See his " Life," by