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430 1821 he joined a secret society called " Keporative," or " Jardineiros," and came to Brazil to establish branches of it. He did good service in the strug- gle for independence, and was obliged to escape to Reconcavo, where, in the town of San Francisco, he organized a provisional government. On 10 Dec, 1822, he was commissioner to the army in Bahia, where he issued the " Independente Consti- tucional " until the authority of Pedro 1. was es- tablished. In 1823 he was elected to the assembly, but at the dissolution of that body he was impris- oned, and, having escaped, went to Europe. In 1831, when Pedro I. abdicated, he returned and published the paper " lpiranga '" in opposition to the absolutists, and the pamphlet " A libertade das Republicas " against the federal Republicans. In 1837 he was a minister in the cabinet of the cele- brated Father Diego Feijo, and in 1838 he was elected representative to the assembly. In 1840 he was appointed special envoy to England, and on his return exerted his influence to found the Insti- tute dos advocados, over which he presided till 1850, when he was called again to the assembly. In 1851 he was elected senator of the empire, and in 1854 the emperor made him viscount of Jequi- tinhonha. From 1855 till 1862 he constantly favored the emancipation of the negroes, and his eloquence was much feared by his opponents.

JEREMIE, French soldier, b. about 1660; d. after 1714. He served as ensign in Fort Bourbon, or Port Nelson, on Hudson bay, when it was at- tacked by an English fleet in 1696. When the English attempted a landing he formed an ambus- cade with forty f usileers behind bushes, and poured such well-directed volleys into the first boats that advanced as to compel them to withdraw. The fort was afterward forced to surrender, and Jere- mie, with the garrison, was taken to England, con- trary to the terms of capitulation. He returned with D'Iberville to Canada in 1697, and remained there as interpreter and lieutenant under several commanders till 1707, when he went to Europe. He returned in 1708, was appointed commandant of Fort Bourbon, and held that post up to 1714, when he surrendered it to the English, agreeably to the terms of the treaty of Utrecht. He wrote "Relation du Detroit & de la Baye d'Hudson, a. Monsieur . . . par Monsieur Jeremie." Charlevois says that he knew the author, and that his rela- tion is very instructive and judiciously written.

JEREZ, Francisco de (hay-ray th'), Spanish his- torian, b. in Seville in 1504 ; d. there about 1570. He came in his early youth to America in search of fortune, and seems to have been a man of some ed- ucation, as he confesses that he received 47 marks in silver and 1,110 gold castellanos for his services in arranging the contract of copartnership between Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque, 10 March, 1526. He went to Peru with Pizarro in his second voyage in 1531, and participated in the conquest, as also in the capture of Atahualpa. He was severely wounded in battle, and afterward was Pizarro's secretary, and by his orders collected notes of all historical events from the beginning of the con- quest till the death of Atahualpa. He seems to have taken good care to enrich himself, and when in 1534 Hernando Pizarro was sent on a commis- sion to Spain, Jerez solicited permission to go with him. Of his later life there is but little trust- worthy information, except that he founded many charities. He published " Verdadera relation de la conquista del Peru y provincia del Cuzco " (Se- ville, 1540; 2d ed., Salamanca, 1547). This is re- printed in Barcia's " Collection of Primitive His- torians " (1740). Giambattista Ramusio translated the work into Italian, and published it in his " Col- lection of Voyages " (3 vols., 1550-9) ; and there is also a German translation (1843).

JEROME, Irene Elizabeth, artist, b. in Ellicottville, N. Y., 9 June, 1858. She is a daughter of the Rev. Charles Jerome, was educated in Clinton and Cazenovia seminaries, and in 1875 removed to Chicago, where she spent three months in drawing from casts in the Academy of design. With the exception of this, and a few lessons from teachers outside the academy, she is self-taught in art. In 1882 she exhibited eighteen sketches of Colorado scenery, which were received with much favor. She also illustrated and arranged " One Year's Sketch-Book" (Boston, 1885); "The Message of the Blue-Bird" (1886); "Nature's Hallelujah" (1887) ; and " A Bunch of Violets " (1887).

JERVIS, Sir John, Earl of St. Vincent, British naval officer, b. in Meaford, Staffordshire, 9 Jan., 1734; d. 15 March, 1823. He entered the navy at the age of ten years, became a post-captain in 1760, was made a C. B. in 1782, and in this year accompanied Lord Howe in his expedition for the relief of Gibraltar. He became rear-admiral in 1787, and was in parliament from 1782 until the beginning of the French revolution, when he sailed to the West Indies and captured Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia. He was appointed admiral of the blue, 1 June, 1795, and on 14 Feb., 1797, off Cape St. Vincent, defeated a Spanish fleet which was nearly twice as strong as his own. For this he was made a peer by the title of Earl of St. Vincent and Baron Jervis of Meaford, receiving a pension of £3,000. He was first lord of the ad- miralty from 1801 till 1804.

JERVIS, John Bloomfleld, engineer, b. in Huntington. N. Y., 14 Dec, 1795 ; d. in Rome, N. Y., 12 Jan., 1885. When about three years of age he removed to Rome, N. Y., where he afterward re- sided. He assisted in the construction of the Erie canal, and con- ducted the survey and construction of the Delaware and Hudson canal. He was chief engineer of the Albany and Schenectady and the Schenectady and Saratoga railroads, and for the latter road invented the locomo- tive truck, the princi- ple of which is still in use on all locomotives. The first locomotive with his improvement was made to order in England in 1832. In 1833 Mr. Jervis was appointed chief engineer of the Chenango canal, and originated on this work the method of providing artificial reservoirs for the supply of its summit with water. In 1835 he was commissioned to make the surveys and estimates on the eastern section of the Erie canal, in view of its proposed enlargement. In 1836 he was the engineer in charge of the construction of the Croton aqueduct, and from 1846 till 1848 he was consulting engineer of the Boston water-works. In 1847 he was made chief engineer of the Hudson River railroad, which office he resigned in 1849, but remained connected with the road as consulting engineer till 1850. He was engineer of the Chicago and Rock Island railroad in 1851, and in 1854 its president, and was next engaged on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago