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Rh among his countrymen in the northwest. His ex- periences as a minister in the far west have been utilized in his book "Praeriens Saga," which is written in the common Danish-Norwegian language (Copenhagen, 1884). Some of his books have been translated into English, including "The Spell- bound Fiddler" (Chicago, 1884); "The Children of Hell " (1885) ; and " Wives, Submit Yourselves unto your Husbands " (1885).

JANVIER, Levi, missionary, b. in Pittsgrove, N. J., 25 April, 1816; d. in India, 25 March, 1864. He was graduated at Princeton in 1835, and studied theology in the seminary there, also teaching in Lafayette college. He was ordained to the Pres- byterian ministry and went to India as a mission- ary in 1841, settling in Lodonia, in northern India, where he was for several years superintendent of the mission. Owing to impaired health, he visited the United States in 1859, but returned to his mis- sionary work in the following year. He was as- sassinated by a fanatic Sikh at Ananapoor, India. The degree of S. T. D. was conferred on him by Lafayette in 1861. He prepared a translation of the Pentateuch and Psalms into Punjaubi, assisted in compiling a " Punjaubi Dictionary " (1854), and wrote various books and tracts in this language.

JAQUEZ, Christoval (hah'-keth), Portuguese mariner, b. toward the end of the 15th century ; d. in Iguarassu in 1555. He served with credit in the navy, and in 1536 was given command of a fleet to oppose the progress of the French in Brazil. Sail- ing from Lisbon in November, Jaquez landed on the South American continent in the following spring and founded an establishment on the banks of the river called by the Indians Iguarassu. He afterward explored and charted the coast as far as the river Plate, and, on his return to Iguarassu, sent to Portugal two vessels loaded with Brazilian dye-woods. In 1540 he started again on an explora- tion along the coast and captured three French schooners which were trading with the Indians. Jaquez sailed a few years later to Lisbon and en- deavored to obtain a grant of land in Brazil for himself, but, having failed in his efforts, he re- turned again to Iguarassu in time to assist Duarte Ccelho Pereira in the destruction of the establish- ment that had been founded by Marseilles traders forty-two miles from the Portuguese settlement, and resumed the command of the. colony. He died from fever, two years later.

JARAUTA, Cenobio (hah-row'-tah), Mexican insurgent, b. in Spain late in the 18th century ; d. near Guanajuato, Mexico, 18 July, 1848. He en- tered a convent in Spain in early life, and during the civil war in that country, although he was a priest, raised men and became a Carlist leader, celebrated for his cruelties. He came to Mexico about 1841, and by the influence of his country- men obtained a parish in Aguascalientes. Toward the end of June, 1848, a revolution against the government, headed by Father Jarauta, began in that city. Supported by the garrison of Lagos, Jarauta published in June a proclamation ignoring the existing government and providing for the in- stalment of another with monarchical tendency. Meanwhile the command of the forces was to be vested in the general officer of the highest rank who would accept the plan. Gen. Mariano Pare- des joined Jarauta and marched on Guanajuato. The governor of the place was deposed and Ma- nuel Doblado appointed in his place, who issued an address to other governors ; but they disapproved it, and Gen. Minon was sent with a large force to attack the rebels. Much hard fighting ensued, but the most important action was on 18 July, 1848, when the town was assaulted and Jarauta taken prisoner, conveyed to La Valenciana near by, and shot. The guerilla force commanded by Father Jarauta had been much feared because they plun- dered both friends and enemies. The death of their leader disheartened the rebels, and, although their chiefs pretended to continue the struggle, they sur- rendered on the next day.

JARAVA, Manuel (hah-rah'-vah), Chilian his- torian, b. in Santiago in 1621 ; d. in Quito in 1673. He became a Jesuit, and was at first employed in missionary work, but met with little success, as he i often neglected his duties for study. His superi- ors at last called him to Quito, where he was ap- pointed historiographer of the viceroy in 1670. It is supposed that Jarava would have achieved great reputation as a historian, but his former labors in the mission bad heavily told upon him, and he soon died of consumption. He left many notes, which were preserved in the College of Quito, and which Humboldt discovered and used afterward with great benefit, as he acknowledges in his works. Jarava published "Relatio de Christianitate in America, et de rebus gestis patrum Societatis Jesu in provincias " (2 vols., Quito, 1671) ; " Historia del Reino de Chile " (3 vols., 1672) ; " Historia del Reino de Quito" (2 vols., 1672); and "Cronica del Reino de Quito " (3 vols., 1673).

JARAY, Luis de Céspedes (hah-rah'-e), Span- ish soldier, b. in Santiago, Spain, in the latter part of the 16th century; d. in Charcas, Peru, about 1640. He began his career in Italy, where he rose to the rank of captain, and about 1619 sailed for Rio de la Plata, having been appointed governor of Paraguay. On his way he married in Brazil Victoria Correa de Saa, and, instead of continuing his jour- ney by water, according to instnictions, he resolved to go across the country. The Jesuits and their followers awaited the coming of the new governor with joy, as they believed that, coming through the country of the Paulists or traders from Sao Paulo, he must have become fully informed of their atrocities and would at once check them. But his wife's estates in Brazil needed laborers, and Jaray had agreed to protect the traders in kidnapping the people whom he had been sent to govern on condition that he should receive 600 of the captives to labor in his wife's plantations. Ja- ray haughtily refused the request of the priests for protection, and the missions of Guayra and Misi- ones fell an easy pray to the slave-hunters. The neophytes were carried off by thousands, and those that were left, to the number of about 12.000, re- solved to abandon that part of the eountry. But the Paulists, having depopulated the missions of the eastern and northern part of Paraguay, now turned their eyes on the Spanish towns in the same province, and these soon shared the fate of the others. At last the crimes of Jaray reached the ears of the audiencia of Charcas, which summoned him to its presence in 1636 and condemned him to pay a heavy fine, stripping him of all authority, and forbidding him to hold any public office what- ever for the space of six years.

JARDINE, Robert, clergyman, b. in Augusta, Grenville co., Ontario. 19 June, 1840. His family emigrated from Scotland to Canada, and he was graduated at Queens university, Kingston, in 1860. After studying theology he labored as a missionary in La Prairie and Owen Sound. In 1866 he was licensed by the presbytery of Perth and went to Scotland, "where he studied in the University of Edinburgh, receiving the degree of doctor of science in 1867. In that year he returned to Canada, and was appointed professor of rhetoric and phi-