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398 Christ not an Ecclesiasticism " (New York, 1854) ; " The Nature of Evil Considered in a Letter ad- dressed to the Rev. Edward Beeeher, D. D. " (1855) : " Christianity the Logic of Creation " (London and New York, 1857) ; " Substance and Shadow, or Morality and Religion in their Relation to Life " (Boston, 1863) ; " The Secret of Swedenborg, being an Elucidation of his Doctrine of the Divine Natu- ral Humanity" (1869); and " Society the Redeemed Form of Man." His " Literary Remains " were edited bv his son William (Boston, 1885). — His son, William, b. in New York city, 11 Jan., 1842, re- sided much with his father abroad, studied in the Lawrence scientific school at Harvard, and accom- panied the Thayer expedition to Brazil in 1865-'6. After his return he studied medicine, and was graduated M. D. at Harvard in 1869. In 1876 he became assistant professor of physiology in the Cambridge medical school, in 1880 assistant pro- fessor of philosophy in Harvard college, and in 1885 full professor of philosophy. He has pub- lished his father's " Literary Remains." — Another son, Henry, novelist, b. in New York city, 15 April, 1843, was educated under his father's super- vision in New York, Geneva, Paris, and Boulogne- sur-Mer. His family went abroad in 1855, and re- mained in Europe till 1858. After spending another year in Europe (at Geneva and Bonn) he returned to New York, and in 1862 entered the Harvard law-school. In 1865 he began to con- tribute sketches to the magazines. A year or two later he essayed se- rial stories, but during the first ten years of his literary career produced no extended novel. The subject most frequently treated of in his works in the contrast between American and European life and manners. The scenes of several are laid in the Old World, and the principal characters are Americans travelling abroad and coming for the first time in contact with European society, or members of the American colonies in foreign capitals. When the action of his stories takes place in the United States, he introduces foreigners or travelled Americans in order to illustrate the divergences between American and European life. A familiarity with the Old World from his boyhood, and long periods of residence abroad, afforded suggestions and abundant materials for this kind of social study. In 1869 he went to Europe, where he has since resided, alternating between England and Italy. In 1874 he returned for a few months, and wrote anonymous criticisms on literature and art for the " Atlantic Monthly." His novels, after appearing serially, were issued in book-form in Bos- ton and London, and many of them translated into French and German. A part of his earlier tales and sketches and nearly all of his later ones were also republished. Mr. James originated the inter- national novel, and is classed with Thomas Bailey Aldrich and William D. Howells as a representa- tive of the analytical and metaphysical school of novelists. Many of his novels close abruptly, leav- ing the reader in doubt concerning the subsequent fate of the actors in the story, where other authors would invent a denouement. In both style and method he has followed French models. He inrlv acquired a mastery of the French tongue so com- plete that a story contributed by him to the " Revue des deux mondes " has been praised by severe French critics as an example of elegant French. His earliest published story was a tale of the war, entitled " The Story of a Year." In 1867 he pub- lished " Poor Richard," a brief serial story, which was followed in 1869 by " Gabrielle de Bergorac." of about the same length. " Watch and Ward " (1871) was longer, and " Roderick Hudson," pub- lished serially in 1875, was the first of his extended novels. During his visit to the United States in 1874-'5 he published a volume of " Trans-Atlantic Sketches " (Boston, 1875). " A Passionate Pil- grim," depicting the emotions of an enthusiastic traveller among the historical scenes of the mother country, was printed in a volume with other stories in the same year. " The American," regarded by many as his best novel, appeared as a serial during 1877-'8. In the latter year " Daisy Miller " was published, and in immediate succession "An In- ternational Episode." The former, describing the follies of an American girl on the continent of Eu- rope, and the compromising situations in which she placed herself by defying European rules of propriety, first brought upon the author the re- proaches of his countrymen, who accused him of having become denationalized, and of devoting his talents to deriding and belittling his own land and people. " The Europeans " appeared in 1878 ; also a short serial entitled the " Pension Beaurepas." In the same year was issued a volume of critical essays on " French Poets and Novelists," treating of Alfred de Musset, Gautier, Baudelaire, Georges Sand, and other modern French writers. He is the author of " Hawthorne " in the " English Men of Letters" series. "Confidence" was published in 1879, followed by sketches and stories and essays in the " North American Review " and various magazines. " Washington Square," a. story of New York life of a past period, appeared simultaneously on both sides of the ocean in the " Cornhill Maga- zine" and "Harper's Magazine" in 1880. "A Bundle of Letters " and " Diary of a Man of Fifty " (1880) are shorter works. " The Portrait of a Lady," delineating the character of an American female newspaper correspondent, was published in the " Atlantic Monthly " and " Macmillan's Magazine " in 1880-'l. " The Siege of London " was published in 1883, and "Portraits of Places" in 1884. Sketches of French life and scenes were published in the " Atlantic Monthly," serially, under the title of " En province," and afterward in a volume under that of " A Little Tour in France " (Boston,' 1884). " Tales of Three Cities " appeared in book-form during the same year, and in 1885 he issued " The Author of Beltraffio," with other stories. In 1886 he published "The Bostonians" and "Princess Casamassima."

JAMES, Henry Amnion, lawyer, b. in Baltimore, Md., 24 April, 1854. He was graduated at Yale in 1874, and at the law-school in 1878, and since 1880 has practised his profession in New York city. He has published "Communism in America " (New York, 1879).

JAMES, Joseph Francis, botanist, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 8 Feb., 1857. He is the son of Uriah P. James, who is the owner of one of the finest collections of fossils in Ohio and the publisher of "The Paleontologist." The son received a common-school education in Cincinnati, subsequently turned his attention to botany, and in 1881 he was appointed custodian of the Cincinnati society of