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392 defeated Banks at Winchester and drove him be- yond the Potomac, making large captures of pris- oners and stores. The National government took possession of the railroads, and recalled McDowell from Fredericksburg and Fremont from West Vir- ginia to fall upon Jackson's rear, while Banks and Sigel were to 'move from the Potomac. On the night of 30 May, Jackson at Winchester seemed about to be surrounded ; but, making a rapid march next morning, he placed himself at Stras- burg directly between his principal antagonists, McDowell and Fremont, and kept one of them at bay by a show of force, and bewildered the other by the rapidity of his movements, until his prison- ers and captured stores had been sent to the rear. He then retreated up the valley, pursued by Shields's division of McDowell's forces and by Fremont, whom he kept apart by burning the bridges over the Shenandoah. He turned at bay at Port Re- public on 8 June, repelled Fremont at Cross Keys, and, crossing the Shenandoah during the night and the early morning, threw himself unexpectedly upon the head of McDowell's column near Port Republic, which he routed and drove from the bat- tle-field before Shields with the main body of his division could get up or Fremont could render as- sistance from the other side of the river. The Na- tional forces retreated to the lower Shenandoah. Jackson now hastened by forced marches to Rich- mond to unite with Gen. Lee in attacking McClel- lan. Here, on 27 June, Jackson turned the scale in the battle of Gaines's Mills, where Fitz-John Porter was overthrown. He also took part in the subsequent operations during McClellan's retreat. About the middle of July, Lee detached Jackson to Gordonsville to look after his old adversaries of the Shenandoah valley, who were again gathering under Gen. John Pope. On 9 Aug., Jackson, hav- ing crossed the Rapidan, defeated Banks at Cedar Run. A week later Lee arrived with Longst reefs corps, and the campaign against Pope began in earnest. On 25 Aug., Jackson was sent from the Rappahannock with 25,000 men to pass around Pope's right flank, seize his depot at Manassas, and break up his communications ; and this movement was successful, and Pope was forced to let go the Rappahannock. Jackson kept his opponent at bay by stubborn fighting, and kept him on the ground until Lee with the rest of the Confederate army ar- rived, when Pope was defeated in the battle of 30 Aug., 1862, known as the second battle of Manas- sas, Groveton, or Bull Run.

In the Maryland campaign two weeks later Gen. Jackson had charge of the operations that resulted in the investment and capture of the post at Har- per's Ferry, 15 Sept., with 13,000 prisoners and seventy cannon, while Lee held back McClellan at South Mountain and along the Antietam. By a severe night march, Jackson reached Sharpsburg on 16 Sept., and the next day commanded the left wing of the Confederate army, against which Mc- Clellan hurled in succession Hooker's, Mansfield's, and Sumner's corps. With thinned lines, Jackson maintained himself throughout the day near the Dunker church, while one of his divisions — A. P. Hill's, which had been left at Harper's Ferry — reached the field late in the day and defeated Burnside's corps, which was making rapid progress against the Confederate right flank. At Freder- icksburg, 13 Dec, 1862, Jackson, who meantime had been promoted to the rank of lieutenant-gen- eral, commanded the right wing of the Confederate army, which repelled the attack of Franklin's di- vision. When, in the spring of 1863, Hooker's movement upon Chancellorsville was fully devel- oped, Lee ordered Jackson's corps to move up to meet him. On the morning of 1 May, Jackson met Hooker emerging from the wilderness that sur- rounds Chancellorsville. and at once assumed the aggressive so fiercely that Hooker withdrew into the wilderness and established lines of defence. As these offered no favorable opportunity for at- tack, Lee ordered Jackson to make a flank move- ment around the right of the National army. At sunrise, 2 May, Jackson was on the march, and all day he pursued his way through the wilderness. When his movement was discovered, and Gen. Daniel E. Sickles attacked some of his trains, Jack- son sent back a brigade to cover his rear and con- tinued his march. Late in the evening he had reached the old turnpike, upon the fiank and rear of Gen. O. 0. Howard's corps, which held the right of Hooker's army. Quickly forming his command into three lines of battle, Jackson attacked furi- ously. He routed Howard's corps in half an hour, and pressed the troops sent to its assistance back to the vicinity of Chancellorsville, when his own forces were checked by a powerful artillery fire from batteries hastily brought into line. (See Pleasonton, Alfred.) Between eight and nine o'clock Jackson with a small party rode for- ward beyond his own lines to reconnoitre. As he turned to ride back, his party was mistaken for National cavalry, and a volley was poured into it by Lane's brigade. Several of the party were killed, and Jackson received three wounds, two in the left arm and one through the right hand. When he had been assisted from his horse and the flow of blood stanched, it was some minutes before he could be conveyed within his own lines, so fierce was the artillery fire that swept the field. This fire struck down one of the litter-bearers, and the general was badly injured by the fall. His left arm was amputated, and for some days he seemed to be doing well : but on 7 May he was at- tacked by pneumonia, which left him too exhausted to rally. His remains were taken to Richmond, whence, after a public funeral, they were removed to Lexington. Jackson was a tall, spare man, of polite but constrained address and few words. He was twice married, first to, Miss Eleanor Junkin, and secondly to Miss Mary Ann Morrison. The latter, with one daughter, survives him. A bronze statue of Gen. Jackson, paid for by English sub- scriptions, was unveiled in Richmond, Va., in 1875. His life has been written by Robert L. Dabney (New York, 1863) and by John Esten Cooke (1866).

JACKSON, William, clergyman, b. in 1732; d. in 1813. He studied theology with clergymen of the Dutch Reformed church, and in 1753 was called to the pastorate of the congregations of Bergen, N. J., and Staten Island, N. Y., on the condition that he should complete his studies in Holland at their expense. In 1757, having been ordained by the classis of Amsterdam, he returned and took charge of the churches. He preached in the Dutch language, and was a celebrated field-preacher, besides being esteemed for his learning and literary attainments. About 1783 his mind became affected, but his ministry was not terminated till 1789, when insanity of a pronounced type had been developed.

JACKSON, William, Quaker preacher, b. in Londongrove township, Chester co., Pa., 14 July, 1746; d. there, 10 Jan., 1834. He was descended from an English Quaker family, and first appeared as a minister in 1775. After his marriage in 1778 he removed to Westbury, L. I., his wife's home, but returned with her to Pennsylvania in 1790. He preached at the New Garden monthly meetings,