Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1892, volume 3).djvu/371

Rh Bulnes and fought under him in the battle of Yun- fay. 20 Jan., 1839, which put an end to the Peru- lolivian confederation. In 1841 the Bolivian gen- eral, Ballivian, invaded Peru again, and Iguain marched against him in command of a brigade under Gen. Gamarra, who was defeated at Ingavi on 18 Nov. Iguain was then promoted general and retired to private life, but took part in the revolu- tion against the dictator Vivanco in 1843, and after his defeat was banished to Chili.

IHERING, Mauritius van (e-air'-ing), Dutch mariner, b. in Minden in 1580 : d. in Amsterdam in 1635. He served under Le Maire when that navigator discovered in 1616 the strait that bears his name, and afterward commanded several expe- ditions to the South American coast. The Span- ish government was meanwhile greatly disturbed by the discovery of Le Maire, which enabled the Dutch to reach the Pacific ocean in a few days. Philip III. suggested the possibility of erecting fortifications on the banks of the strait, and so closing the passage, and he sent in 1618 an expe- dition commanded by Alfonso and Estevan Nodal, with orders to make a thorough exploration of the strait. When the navigators returned to Europe in 1620, the supreme council of the Netherlands determined to protect Dutch interests. Ihering was given four ships and ordered to take possession of the shores of the strait and build a fortress, if he thought it necessary. He sailed from Amster- dam in September, 1626, and on 27 Dec. discov- ered the Los Reyes islands, where he encountered dangerous rocks, and ascertained their exact posi- tion, although he had only defective instruments. He then entered the Strait of Le Maire, discovered the Bay of Mauritius, and again, in lat. 56° 9' S., found some rocks and seven small islands, which he named the Stattsonder islands. He landed af- terward on the western coast of Tierra del Fuego, and then sailed around that island. On returning he made soundings, ascertaining that the depth of the Strait of Le Maire was on an average fifty-two fathoms, and, continuing till he was 125 miles from the South American coast, he discovered that the ocean increased in depth. He reached Amsterdam in December, 1627, and published his journal, " Relation de Texpedition envoyee au detroit de Le Maire par Messeigneurs des Etats sous la con- duite du Capitaine Maurice d'lhering, de Septem- bre, 1626, a Decembre, 1627" (2 vols.. Amsterdam).

ILES, Malvern Wells, metallurgist, b. in Mid- way, Ky., 7 Aug., 1852. He was graduated at Columbia school of mines in 1875, and became a fellow at the Johns Hopkins university, where he spent two years in researches on the sulphuric acids of xylol. Subsequently he was chemist and assayer to the Utica mining and milling company, and later metallurgist to the Omaha and Grant smelt- ing company, and superintendent and metallurgist to the Holden smelting company in Denver, Col. He received the degree of Ph. D. from Columbia in 1876, and his researches, originally in pure chemis- try, have gradually extended to improvements in the smelting of lead and silver, in which branch he is an accepted authority. His scientific papers. nearly fifty in number, have been contributed to the " American Journal of Science," " The Ameri- can Chemical Journal," and other like periodicals. Dr. lies is a member of scientific societies both in the United States and Europe.

ILLATOPA, or ILLA TUPAC (eel-yah-to'-pa), Peruvian soldier, b. in the latter part of the 15th century; d. in 1542. He was a relative of the Inca Huaina Capac, and a councillor at his court. In early life he entered the army and accompanied the Inca in his conquests. In his travels through the country he became acquainted with the princi- pal chiefs of the army, and acquired a perfect knowledge of the position of places and ways of communication between the provinces of the em- pire. After the death of Huaina Capac, Illa- topa followed the party of Atahualpa, and served as an officer in the battles of Quito and Tumbez, and, when the Inca was made a prisoner and at last put to death by the Spaniards, he joined Manco Inca Iupanqui, brother of Atahualpa, and per- suaded him to claim the crown and proclaim him- self king. Illatopa was active in promoting the desire of the Peruvians for independence, and raised a respectable army. Toward the east he oc- cupied the provinces of Ruparupa and Huanuco, whence he carried on the war against the conquer- ors. Alonzo de Alvarado was sent by the govern- ment of Lima to repress the rebellion of the In- dians, but was defeated, and the government, in the greatest alarm, sent Gomez de Alvarado, but he was also defeated in Chachapoyas. The Indians then believed that Illatopa could lead them to vic- tory against the Spaniards, and accordingly rose in a general revolution. The Spaniards were in great danger, but the governor, Yaea de Castro, offered a price for the head of Illatopa, and the Spanish captain Juan de Vargas proposed to procure it. Accordingly he went to the Peruvians pretending to be a persecuted man, and. being received with hospitality, in a short time found an opportunity for murdering the chief.

ILLIERS, Henry Louis, Comte d' (eel-yay'), French soldier, b. in the principality of Ligne, Lux- embourg, in 1750; d. in Paris in 1794. He entered the French army, served in the war of American independence, and saved, at Brandywine, his friend Pulaski, who had been dangerously wounded dur- ing the battle. He acted for awhile in 1778 as ordnance officer of Lafayette, and, when peace was signed, became a member of the Society of the Cin- cinnati. He went to Jamaica in 178(5. and was ap- pointed by Charles III. chief of police of that isl- and, but had some difficulty with the governor- general, and, being ordered to leave, took refuge in Guadeloupe, where in 1787. through the recommen- dation of the Count of Bouille. he was made lieu- tenant of the king in Pointe a Pitre. At the be- ginning of the French revolution he asked to serve in France, and, receiving the brevet of colonel, was attached in that capacity to the army of Custine, who surrendered on 23 July, 1793, in Mayence to the Prussian forces. Custine, together with Illiers and other officers of his army, was tried by a court- martial and condemned to death. Count d'llliers is the author of " Histoire de la guerre d'Ame- rique " (2 vols., Pointe a Pitre, 1790), and " Histoire de la domination Espagnole dans les iles de l'Ame- rique appelees Antilles" (2 vols., 1789).

'''ILLIGEN. Andre''' (eel-le-zahn'), French buccaneer, b. in Ixelles. near Brussels, in 1638 ; d. in Panama in 1670. He served as a petty officer on a Dutch merchant-vessel, which was captured in Jamaica waters by a Spanish man-of-war in 1664. and was sentenced to death as a rebel, but was delivered by the buccaneer Montbars. Illigen then enlisted under Montbars, and soon became famous among the buccaneers for his courage. He was elected a chief in 1665. pillaged and sacked the cities of Puerto Cabello, San Antonio de Gibraltar, and others in 1665-'7, and otherwise caused the Spaniards such losses that the government offered a reward of 3.000 piastres for his head. Illigen now swore to be revenged, and. having joined Sir Henry Morgan the same year, took Aux Cayes and devastated