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342 ernment of the provisional president, Garcia-Cal- deron, had been terminated by his imprisonment on 28 Sept., 1881, and the constitutional vice-presi- dent, Montero, refused to treat with the invaders, Gen. Iglesias was elected to the presidency early in 1883. A few months afterward he concluded a treaty of peace with Chili, and at the same time took energetic measures to suppress the revolution- ary movements of those who considered the treaty derogatory to the national honor. Afterward his administration was fairly prosperous. He twice put down the revolutionary movements of Gen. Caceres and dismissed a great part of the standing army, introducing great economy in the govern- ment expenditures. On 6 Sept., 1885, a new expe- dition of Gen. Caceres was directed against Gen. Iglesias in Lima, and, after a valiant personal de- fence of the government palace, he surrendered to the leader of the revolutionary forces and retired to Spain, where he has since lived in retirement.

IGNACIO, José de Jesu Maria (ig-nath'-yo), German missionary, b. in Paderborn in 1721 ; d. in Bartenstein in 1780. His real name was Her- man Loessing. He became a Jesuit and went to New Spain in 1746, and for several years taught rhetoric and philosophy in the College of Mexico, but, having found in a journey some old stones covered with hieroglyphs, took such an interest in them that he obtained from his superiors permis- sion to devote his time to the study of hierology. He left Mexico in 1753, and for nine years ex- plored the country in its remotest parts, buying Aztec antiquities at any price. On his return to Germany he was appointed librarian of the Arch- bishop of Cologne in 1 768, and began to work on the materials that he had collected. He published "De Arte Hieroglyphum Mexicanorum," a key to the Mexican hieroglyphs, which, although incom- plete and incorrect in many ways, has nevertheless enabled the scientists to decipher some old inscrip- tions (Cologne, 1774) ; " Historia Novae Hispaniae " (1777) ; '• Reisen in Neu Spanien " (1778) ; " Historia regni Aztecorum " (1780) ; " Cosmographia " (3 vols., with charts, 1780). Father Ignacio had not made use of all his notes when he became blind. He then went to live in Bartenstein with a brother who was cham- berlain of the Prince of Hohenlohe. His notes were afterward utilized by Chastelard, who pub- lished " De la civilisation Azteque demontree par les monuments " (2 vols., Rouen, 1809) ; " Superi- ority des Azteques sur leurs conquerants" (1811) ; and several other works.

IGNE-CHIVRE, Barthelemy d' (een-yay- shee-vray), Spanish explorer, b. in Bruges in 1677 ; d. in Saint Acheul in 1746. He became a Jesuit in 1699, and was attached to the South American missions in 1703. After studying the Guarani idiom in Buenos Ayres, he was in 1714 sent by the provincial to make a thorough survey of the coun- tries that border on Paraguay river, and find a shorter way from Buenos Ayres to the missions of the Chiquitos. Accompanied by two other Jesuits, he left that city, 20 Jan., 1715, and ascended the Paraguay in a canoe for 500 miles, when he met a party of Layaguas Indians, who killed his com- panions and took him prisoner. He remained with them twelve years, but managed to win their affec- tion, and civilized them. The hostile Indians, that were formerly the terror of the Spaniards, submitted to the missionary, and he organized the missions of San Bias, which soon became the most prosperous of that region. He returned to Buenos Ayres in 1727, and was elected provincial of his or- der. In that capacity he greatly extended the influ- ence of the Jesuits, and devoted his time to the bene- fit of the Indians ; but his exertions in their behalf made him obnoxious to the authorities, who ordered him to leave the country in 1731. Returning to his native land, he became rector of the College of Saint Acheul in 1734, but resigned to devote his time to the arrangement of his notes, and published " De arte Lingua Layagua," which is the only monu- ment left of the language of that extinct nation (Mechelen, 1737) ; '• Douze ans de captivite chez les Indiens du Paraguay, avec une description de leur pays, les moeurs et coutumes de ces peuples " (2 vols., with charts, Mechelen, 1742) ; and " Historia General de las misiones de la Compania de Jesus en America," the best authority on the Jesuit mis- sions in South America (6 vols., Brussels, 1745).

IGOLINO, Giuseppe (e-go-le'-no), Italian bot- anist, b. in Florence in 1759; d. there in 1833. He came to the United States in 1803 on a scien- tific mission, and remained till 1807 as Italian vice-consul in North Carolina. He sent to Europe several cases of seeds, and discovered some new gramineals, which he described afterward in his " Agrostographia " (Florence, 1824). He was re- lieved from his consular duties in 1807, but two years later was appointed consul at Buenos Ayres. During his stay in the United States his attention was called to the Mexican hieroglyphs, which had already occupied the attention of many distin- guished men of science, and it is asserted that he found a key to them, but lost the manuscript among others when he was shipwrecked in the Straits of Bonifacio on his return to Genoa in 1808. He was the first European to study the an- thropology of America, and thus led the way to the work of Darwin, Boyer. De Quatrefages, and Brasseur de Bourbourg. During his stay in South America in 1809-19, Igolino formed a rich collec- tion of plants and engravings of animals and in- sects peculiar to those latitudes, studying also the cryptogamic plants of Brazil. He published "Plantas cryptogamae Brasilia?" (Florence, 1829), and read several papers before the Academy of Florence on the "Effects of the Colored Upas," and on the several species of strychnia peculiar to South America. See " Vita illustrissimi Giuseppe Igolino " (Florence, 1841).

IGUAIN, José Felix (e-guah-een'), Peruvian soldier, b. in Huanta, 20 March, 1800 : d. in Chili in September, 1851. He lost his parents in youth, but by his own efforts acquired a good education. During the latter part of the struggle for independence in his country he began to appear in public. He was one of the bitterest opponents of the proposed life dictatorship of Simon Bolivar in 1826, afterward continued to oppose the conservative authorities, and suffered persecution, but the Liberal party elected him in 1828 to congress, where he distinguished himself by his eloquence, and contributed to prevent war between his country and Bolivia. In 1833 he took an active part in the revolution of Nieto against Gen. Gamarra, and the unfortunate result of this enterprise obliged him to emigrate to Chili. After Orbegozo's election he returned, and when the latter sought the aid of the president of Bolivia, Gen. Santa Cruz, Iguain attacked foreign intervention in the press, and soon afterward joined the army of Gen. Salaverry as lieutenant-colonel. The campaign for some time was fortunate, but at last Salaverry was defeated at Socabaya in 1835, and Iguain fled to Chili. While in that country he busied himself in writing his "Biografias Peruanas Contemporaneas " (Santiago, 1838). When at last Chili interfered in the Peruvian troubles, Iguain returned to his country as colonel of the invading army of Gen.