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14 the "Life of Jehudi Ashmun" (New York, 1839); " Mission to England for the American Coloniza- tion Society" (1841); and "Life and Eloquence of Rev. Sylvester Lamed " (New York, 1844).

GURNEY, Francis, soldier, b. in Bucks county, Pa., in 1738 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 May, 1815. He volunteered in the provincial army in 1756, served under Gen. Israel Putnam, and came to be regarded by that officer in the light of an adopted son. Gurney was present at the capture of Louis- bourg, Cape Breton, 25 July, 1758, and at the close of the war joined the expedition against the French West India islands, and assisted in the taking of Guadeloupe, 27 April, 1759. On his return he en- gaged in commerce in Philadelphia, and at the be- ginning of the Revolutionary war assisted in the organization and drilling of troops. Although at first he refused to accept a commission, Mr. Gurney was made captain in a regiment of infantry raised by authority of the province. The following year he entered the regular army, was appointed lieuten- ant-colonel, and was present at the battles of Iron Hill, Brandywine, and Germantown, in the first of which he was wounded. After the war he returned to mercantile pursuits in Philadelphia, where he resided until his death. He was for several years warden of the port, during which period he origi- nated and carried out an important improvement in the buoys and beacons in Delaware bay. He was repeatedly elected to the lower branch of the legis- lature, and subsequently sent to the senate. He was also a trustee of Dickinson college, county commissioner, and director of various institutions. In the whiskey rebellion of 1794, Col. Gurney com- manded the 1st regiment of the Philadelphia bri- gade, which was composed of young men of good family and education. At a critical period of the Revolutionary war, when there was great difficulty in procuring supplies for the American army, Mr. Gurney was one of several residents of Philadel- phia who gave their bonds to the amount of about £260,000 for procuring them. The amount of his personal subscription was £2,000.

GURNEY, William, soldier, b. in Flushing, N. Y., 21 Aug., 1821 ; d. in New York city, 3 Feb., 1879. At the beginning of the civil war he was engaged in business in New York city. In April, 1861, he entered the National service with the 7th regiment, of which he was a member, for the three months' term. At its conclusion he accepted a commission as captain in the 65th New York, known as the " Fighting Chasseurs," and served in that capacity through the early campaigns of the war. In 1862 he was appointed assistant inspect- or-general and examining officer on Gov. Morgan's staff. In July of that year he received authority to raise a regiment, and in thirty days he had re- cruited the 127th New York, at the head of which he returned to the field, joining the 23d army corps. In the following October he was assigned to the command of the 2d brigade of Gen. Aber- crombie's division. In 1864 he was ordered with his brigade to join Gen. Gilmore's command on the South Carolina coast, and in December, having been severely wounded in the arm in an engage- ment at Devoe's Neck, was sent north for treat- ment. Before he had been completely restored to health he was assigned to the command of the Charleston post, and while there was promoted brig- adier-general of volunteers for gallantry in action. After he was mustered out of the service in July, 1865, he returned to Charleston and established himself in business. In October, 1870, he became treasurer of Charleston county, and held the office until 1876. He was a presidential elector in 1873, and in 1874 was appointed a centennial commissioner by President Grant, and elected a vice-president of the commission.

GUROWSKI, Adam, Count, author, b. in the palatinate of Kalisz, Poland, 10 Sept., 1805; d. in Washington, D. C., 4 May, 1866. He was a son of the Count Ladislas Gurowski, who was an ardent admirer of Kosciusko, and who lost the greater part of his estates through having participated in the insurrection of 1794. Having been expelled in 1818, and again in 1819, from the gymnasia of Warsaw and Kalisz for revolutionary demonstrations, young Gurowski continued his studies at various German universities. Returning to Warsaw in 1825, he became identified with those opposed to Russian influence, and was in consequence several times imprisoned. He was active in organizing the revolution of 1830, in which he afterward took part. On its suppression he escaped to France, where he lived for several years and adopted many of the views of Fourier. He was also a member of the national Polish committee in Paris, and became conspicuous in political and literary circles. His estates had meantime been confiscated and he himself condemned to death; but in 1835 he published a work entitled &ldquo;La vérité sur la Russie,&rdquo; in which he advocated a union of the different branches of the Slavic race. The book being favorably regarded by the Russian government, Gurowski was recalled, and, although his estates were not restored, he was employed in the civil service. In 1844, finding that he had many powerful enemies at court, he left secretly for Berlin and went thence to Heidelberg. Here he gave himself to study, and for two years lectured on political economy in the University of Berne, Switzerland. He then went to Italy, and in 1849 came to the United States, where he engaged in literary pursuits and became deeply interested in American politics. From 1861 till 1863 he was translator in the state department at Washington, being acquainted with eight languages. Before coming to this country he had published &ldquo;La civilisation et la Russie&rdquo; (St. Petersburg, 1840); &ldquo;Pensées sur l'avenir des Polonais&rdquo; (Berlin, 1841); &ldquo;Aus meinem Gedankenbuche&rdquo; (Breslau, 1843); &ldquo;Eine Tour durch Belgien&rdquo; (Heidelberg, 1845); &ldquo;Impressions et souvenirs&rdquo; (Lausanne, 1846); &ldquo;Die letzten Ereignisse in den drei Theilen des alten Polen&rdquo; (Munich, 1846); and &ldquo;Le Panslavisme&rdquo; (Florence, 1848). During his residence in the United States he published &ldquo;Russia as it Is&rdquo; (New York, 1854); &ldquo;The Turkish Question&rdquo; (1854); &ldquo;A Year of the War&rdquo; (1855); &ldquo;America and Europe&rdquo; (1857); &ldquo;Slavery in History&rdquo; (1860); and &ldquo;My Diary,&rdquo; notes on the civil war (3 vols., 1862-'6).

GUSTAFSON, Axel Carl Johan, author, b. in Lund, Sweden, about 1847. His father is a clergyman, and Axel was educated in his native town. At the age of twenty-one he came to the United States, was naturalized, and began to write for the press. Becoming interested in the temperance movement, he contributed to a Boston journal an article on the Gottenburg system of granting licenses, which led to an investigation of the different licensing systems of the world. He also became a contributor to several of the leading periodicals. Soon after coming to this country he married Mrs. Zadel Barnes Buddington, who has since greatly assisted him in his literary work. Going to England, Mr. and Mrs. Gustafson met Samuel Morley, the philanthropist, who induced the former to change his intention of writing a work on the abuse of tobacco, and discuss the liquor question instead. &ldquo;The Foundation of Death&rdquo; (London, 1884) was the outcome of this