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Rh in congress in 1829-'33, having been chosen as a Democrat, and again in 1835-'9, when he was chair- man of the committee on foreign relations, and drew up its report on the boundary question. From 1843 till 1862 he was reporter of the supreme court of the United States, and in 1861 he was a delegate to the peace congress. Princeton gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1869. He published " Re- ports of Cases in the Supreme Court of the United States from 1843 till 1855 " (Baltimore, 1855).

HOWARD, Blanche Willis, author, b. in Bangor, Me., 21 July, 1847. After publishing several successful novels, she removed to Stuttgart, Germany, and is now (1887) editing a magazine published there in English. Her books are "One Summer " (Boston, 1875) ; " One Year Abroad " (1877); "Aunt Serena" (1880); "Guenn" (1882); and " Aulnay Tower" (1886).

HOWARD, Bronson. dramatist, b. in Detroit, Mich., 7 Oct., 1842. He was educated at the New Haven collegiate and commercial institute, adopted the profession of journalism, and since 1875 has re- sided in New York city and London. His dramas are "Saratoga" (New York, 1870; produced in London in 1874); "Diamonds" (1872); " Hurri- canes "(1878: produced in London as "Truth," 1879) ; " The Banker's Daughter " (1878 ; produced in London as " The Old Love and the New," 1879) ; 1 Wives " (1879) ; " Young Mrs. Winthrop " (1882 ; produced in London in 1884) ; " One of Our Girls " (1885) ; and " Met by Chance " (1887).

HOWARD, Francis, Baron of Effingham, b. in England about 1630 : d. there. 30 March, 1694. He was the son of Sir Charles Howard, and the bar- ony of Howard of Effingham reverted to him in 1681. In 1684-'9 he was governor of Virginia, and during the early part of his administration, which was exceedingly rapacious and cruel, the colony suffered greatly from Indian depredations. He concluded a treaty with the tribes at Albany, N. Y., which was ratified in 1685. He forbade the use of printing-presses in the colony.

HOWARD, Henry, Canadian physician, b. in the County Antrim, Ireland, 1 Dec, 1815. He was graduated in medicine in 1838, and was ap- fwinted medical superintendent of the provincial unatic asylum at St. Johns, province of Quebec, in 1861, and Aisiting physician to Longue Pointe asylum in 1875. He is the author of " The Anat- omy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Eye" (1850) ; and " The Philosophy of Insanity, Crime, and Responsibility " (1882).

HOWARD, Jacob Merritt, senator, b. in Shaftsbury, Vt., 10 July, 1805 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., 2 April, 1871. By teaching he gained the means of obtaining an education at Williams college, where he was graduated in 1830. Removing to Detroit, Mich., in 1832, he studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar the next year, and was a member of the legislature in 1838. In 1840 he was elected to congress, serving from 1841 till 1843, and in 1854-'8 was attorney-general of Michigan. In 1854 Mr. Howard drew up the platform of the first con- vention ever held by the Republican party, and is accredited with giving the party its name. He was elected to the U. S. senate in 1862, as a Repub- lican, to fill the unexpired term of Kinsley S. Bing- ham, deceased, was re-elected in 1865, and served until 3 March, 1871. During his term as senator he was chairman of the ordnance committee. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalist conven- tion of 1866, and in that year Williams gave him the degree of LL. D. He" published a " Transla- tion from the French of the Secret Memoirs of the Empress Josephine " (New York, 1847).

HOWARD, John Eager, soldier, b. in Balti- more county, Md., 4 June, 1752; d. there, 12 Oct., 1827. His grandfather, Joshua, an officer in the Duke of York's army during the Monmouth rebel- lion, was the first of the name of Howard that set- tled in this country. John's father, a wealthy planter, bred him to" no profession, but gave him an excellent education under the care of tutors. At the beginning of the Revolution he joined the American army, commanded a company of the flying camp under Gen. Hugh Mercer at the battle

of White Plains, 28 Oct., 1776. Upon the disbanding of his corps in December of this year, he was commissioned major in the 4th Maryland regiment of the line, and was engaged at Germantown and Monmouth. In 1780, as lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Maryland regiment, he fought at Camden under Gen. Horatio Gates, and in the latter part of the year joined the army under Gen. Nathanael Greene. He displayed great gallantry at the battle of Cowpens. 17 Jan., 1781, and the bayonet-charge under his command secured the American victory. At one time of this day he held the swords of seven British officers, who had surrendered to him. In honor of his services at this battle he received a medal from congress. He materially aided Gen. Greene in effecting his retreat at Guilford Court-House. 15 March, 1781. and at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, on 15 April, succeeded to the command of the 2d Maryland regiment. At Eutaw Springs, where his command was reduced to thirty men. and he was its only surviving officer, he made a final charge, and was severely wounded. From 1789 till 1792 he was governor of Marvland, and he was U. S. senator in 1796-1803. He declined, in 1796, a seat in Washington's cabinet. In anticipation of war with' France. Washington selected him in 1798 as one of his major-generals. During the panic in Baltimore in 1814, subsequent to the capture of Washington by the British troops, he prepared to take the field, and was an earnest opponent of capitulation. In 1816 he was a candidate for vice- president. His wife. Margaret, was a daughter of Chief-Justice Benjamin Chew. The illustration represents his residence of " Belvedere," which was in an extensive park, and remained standing until recently. Lafayette was entertained there in 1824.

HOWARD, John George, Canadian architect, b. in Bengeo, Hertfordshire, England. 27 July, 1803. He attended school at Hertford until his fourteenth year, and at fifteen years of age was sent to sea before the mast. After passing two years at sea he studied engineering, land-surveying, and architecture in London, and in 1827 became engineer on Chromford canal, near Matlock, Derbyshire. In September. 1832. Mr. Howard removed to York, now Toronto, Canada, where he has resided ever since. He has been engaged in important city surveys, and has designed many of the princi-