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682 Victor Emmanuel king of Italy, declining all prof- fered honors and retiring to Caprera. In 1862 he planned the rescue of Rome from the French, and again invaded Calabria from Sicily, but was wound- ed and captured at Aspromonte, 29 Aug., 1862, and sent back to Caprera. In June, 1866, during the Austro-Prussian war, he commanded for a short time an army of volunteers, and on 14 Oct.. 1867, he undertook another expedition to liberate Rome, but was routed by the Papal troops and the French. He entered the service of the French republic in 1870, and he organized and commanded the chas- seurs of the Vosges. In 1871 he was elected to the Italian parliament, and took an active part in poli- tics till the end of his life. In 1888 the Italians in New York erected a bronze statue of him which was unveiled in Washington square, 4 June, 1888. He wrote several novels, including " Cantoni il vol- ontario " (Genoa, 1870) ; " Clelia, ovvero il governo monaco ; Roma del secolo XIX " (1870), which in the same year was translated into English under the title of " The Rule of the Monk, or Rome in the 19th Century"; " II frate dominatore " (1873) ; and a poem, " Le Mila di Marsala " (1873). Many biographies of Garibaldi have been written and translated into English, including those by W. Rob- son (London, 1860), by Theodore Dwight (New York, 1860), and by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862). An autobiography appeared after his death, under the title " Garibaldi ; Memorie autobiografiche " (Florence, 1888).

GERHARDT, Karl, sculptor, b. in Boston, Mass., 7 Jan., 1853. He is of German parentage, and in early life was a machinist in Chicopee, Mass., and then a designer of machinery in Hart- ford, Conn. His first works were a bust of his wife and " A Startled Bather," which so strongly indicated talent that he was sent to Paris for study. In his second year he contributed to the salon, where he also exhibited in 1884 " Echo," a statuette, and " Eve's Lullaby," a life-size group. His other works include a bust of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, taken in the last days of his illness ; busts of Samuel L. Clemens (1883) and the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (1886) ; a statue of Nathan Hale (see vol. iii., p. 31) in the state capitol at Hartford (1885); an equestrian statue of Gen. Israel Put- nam in Brooklyn, Conn. (1887) ; a statue of Josiah Bartlett, signer of the Declaration of Independence, in Amesbury, Mass. (1888) ; Welton Fountain, Waterbury, Conn. (1888) ; statue of Gen. Gouver- neur K. Warren (see p. 362) at Gettysburg; Pa. (1888); and tab- let to John Fitch, in the state capi- tol in Hartford, Conn. (1888). GIBSON, Rob- ert Williams, ar- chitect, b. in Ave- ley, Essex, Eng- land, 17 Nov.,1854. He was educated at a private school in Gravesend, and then at the Royal academy of arts in London, where he completed his course in 1879. Subsequently he settled in New York city, where he has since followed his profes- sion. His work includes the U. S. trust company's building in New York city and the Cathedral church in Buffalo, and he has submitted a design for the projected cathedral of the Protestant Epis- copal church to be built in New York city. Mr. Gibson's best-known work is the cathedral of All Saints' in Albany, which is shown in the illustra- tion, the design of which was selected in competi- tion. This church, although not completed, was dedicated on 20 Nov., 1888, with appropriate cere- monies, extending through an entire week. He published in the "American Architect," during 1884, a series of articles on "Spanish Architec- ture," with illustrations made by himself in Spain, and, in the " Engineering Record," " Observations on Heavy Buildings" (1888).

GILBERG, Charles Alexander, chess-player, b. in Camden, N. J., 17 June, 1835. He was gradu- ated at the College of the city of New York in 1854, and is the managing partner in a large West India house in that city. He is widely known as an amateur chess-player, and has served as judge in almost every public contest that has taken place. His chess library of more than 1,500 volumes is the largest in this country with the exception of that of John G. White, of Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Gilberg has received prizes for his chess prob- lems, and has edited "American Chess-Nuts" (New York, 1868) and " The Book of the Fifth Ameri- can Congress" (1881).

GILBERT, Samuel Augustus, soldier, b. in Zanesville, Ohio, 25 Aug., 1825; d. in St. Paul, Minn.. 9 June, 1868. He was educated at Ohio university, Athens, Ohio, and then entered the U S. coast survey, in which service he continued until the civil war, attaining a rank next to that of superintendent. On 11 June, 1861, he was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 24th Ohio volun- teers, and accompanied his regiment to western Virginia. He was appointed colonel of the 44th Ohio regiment on 14 Oct., 1861, and in May, 1862, he took part in the raid upon the Central railroad, in which he marched more than eighty miles in sixty hours, including all stops. He commanded the right in the battle of Lewisburg, W. Va., 21 May, 1862, and captured a Confederate battery. In August, 1862, he was ordered to join Gen. John Pope east of the Blue Ridge, and he served there until 1863, when he commanded a brigade in Kentucky, and dispersed a political convention in Frankfort which he considered to be plotting treason. He continued in Kentucky and Tennes- see until November, 1863, when he became engineer on the staff of Gen. John G. Foster until Gen. James Longstreet retreated, when he resumed com- mand of his brigade. Col. Gilbert's health hav- ing been impaired by exposure, he resigned on 20 April, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March. 1865.

GILCHRIST, Robert, lawyer, b. in Jersey City, N. J., 21 Aug., 1825 ; d. there, 6 July, 1888. He was educated in private schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Subsequently he became a counsellor of the U. S. supreme court. He was a member of the New Jersey legislature in 1859. At the first call for troops in 1861 he went to the front as a captain in the 2d New Jersey regiment. Until the close of the civil war he was a Republican, but he left that party on the question of reconstruction, and in 1866 he was a Democratic candidate for congress. In 1869 he was appointed attorney-general of New Jersey, to fill the unexpired term of George M. Robeson (appointed secretary of the navy in President Grant's cabinet), and in 1873 was reappointed for a full term. In 1875 he was a candidate for U. S. senator. He had been appointed one of the commissioners to revise the constitu-