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668 Cedar Creek. His last service was in the Depart- ment of the South, where he was commissioned to dismantle the old Confederate forts in South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Florida, and turn all the prop- erty over to the U. S. government. He received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and was mustered out of service on 22 Aug., 1865. On resuming civil life he was given charge of the business department of the Baltimore "American," and he has since become its publisher.

ALDRICH, Charles, journalist, b. in Elling- ton, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 2 Oct., 1828. He re- ceived a common-school education, and spent one fear in Jamestown academy. In 1857 he went to owa and established the " Freeman " in Webster City. He served as chief clerk of the Iowa house of representatives in 1860-'2, 1866, and 1870, and was a member of that body in 1882-'3. Mr. Aldrich is the author of many of the important laws of Iowa, including that changing the system of county government from dictatorship of a single county judge to a board of supervisors, for the protection of birds, and for the preservation of the public docu- ments of the state. He originated the agitation in the public press that resulted in the repeal in Iowa of the so-called granger laws for the regulation of the transportation on the railways and the adoption of a commission system. In 1882 he became widely known through his efforts to secure legislation pro- hibiting the issue of railroad passes to public officers. His speeches and articles in the " North American Review " and elsewhere were circulated extensively in the United States and Europe. This agitation was largely instrumental in promoting the passage of the interstate commerce act. He presented to the state of Iowa, in 1884, his large and valuable collection of manuscripts, portraits, and autograph letters. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Iowa college in 1869. He was one of the founders of the American ornithologist's union in New York in 1883, and was elected corresponding member of the Wisconsin historical society in 1887.

ALEXANDER, Robert, member of the Continental congress, b. in Baltimore, Md., about 1740; d. probably in England after 1796. He was elect- ed a member of the people's committee, 12 Nov., 1774, and of the Provincial convention of Mary- land in 1775, and chosen a deputy to the Conti- nental congress, 9 Dec, 1775, being re-elected, 4 July, 1776, but soon after the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence he sailed for Eng- land with other Baltimore loyalists. He was after- ward appointed agent for Maryland loyalists to present and prosecute their claims before the Brit- ish government.

ANDERSON, David, Canadian Anglican bish- op, b. in London, England, 10 Feb., 1814 ; d. in Bristol, England, 5 Nov., 1885. He was graduated at Oxford in 1836, was vice-principal of St. Bee's college, Cumberland, in 1841-'7, and incumbent of All Saints', Derby, in 1848-'9. From 1849 till 1864 he was bishop of Prince Rupert's Land, Canada, and upon his resignation he returned to England and was appointed vicar of Clifton, and made chancel- lor of St. Paul's cathedral, London. Bishop An- derson received the degree of D. D. in 1849. He was the author of " Notes on the Flood " ; " Net in the Bay" ; and other works.

APPLETON, John, jurist, b. in New Ipswich, N. H., 12 July, 1804. He is the nephew of Jesse Appleton (vol. i., p. 84). After his graduation at Bowdoin in 1822, he taught, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and in 1832 settled in Bangor, Me. He was reporter of decisions in 1841, in 1852 was appointed a justice of the state supreme court, and in 1862-'83 was chief justice. Bowdoin gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1860. Judge Apple- ton published two volumes of "Reports" (Hal- lowell, 1841) and " The Rules of .Evidence, Stated and Discussed" (Philadelphia, 1860). — His son, John Francis, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 29 Aug., 1839; d. there, 31 Aug., 1871, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1860, and at the beginning of the civil war raised and commanded a company in the 12th Maine volunteers. He was commissioned colonel of the 81st U. S. colored troops, served in the De- partment of the Gulf, and was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. Subse- quently he studied law, was admitted to the bar of Maine, and appointed U. S. judge for the district of eastern Texas, but declined.

ARMSTRONG, Samuel Chapman, soldier, b. in Wailuka, Maui, Hawaiian islands, 30 Jan., 1839. His parents were among the first missionaries to the Sandwich islands, where he resided until 1860. After graduation at Williams in 1862 he entered the volunteer army as a captain in the 125th New York regiment, and in 1863 was made lieutenant- colonel of the 9th U. S. colored infantry. Sub- sequently he was colonel of the 8th U. S. colored regiment. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after the war went to Hampton, Va., to work among the freed- men. Gen. Armstrong was a founder of the Hamp- ton normal and agricultural institute for negroes in 1868, and since that date has served as its prin- cipal. In 1878, Indians were admitted.

ASHHURST, John, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Aug., 1839. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and at the medi- cal department in 1860, and from 1862 till 1865 he served as acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army. Since 1877 he has been professor of clinical surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, and he has been connected with several hospitals. He is the author of " Injuries of the Spine " (Philadelphia, 1867) and " Principles and Practice of Surgery " (1871). and the editor of " Transactions of the International Medical Congress " (1877) and the " International Encyclopaedia of Surgery" (6 vols., New York, 1881-'6 ; 2d ed., 1888).

ATWOOD, Isaac Morgan, clergyman, b. in Pembroke, Genesee co., N. Y., 24 March, 1838. He was educated at Lockport, N. Y., entered the Uni- versal ist ministry in 1859, and was pastor of churches in New York, Maine, and Massachusetts. Since 1879 he has been president of Canton theo- logical seminary, St. Lawrence university, where he is also professor of theology and ethics. The de- gree of A. M. was conferred on him bv St. Law- rence university in 1872, and that of D. D. by Tufts in 1879. He was editor of the " Boston Universal- ist " in 1867-72, and of the " Christian Leader" in 1873-'5, and has been associate editor of the latter journal since 1875. Dr. Atwood is the author of "Have. We Outgrown Christianity f " (Boston, 1870); "Glance at the Religious Progress of the United States" (1874); "Latest Word of Univer- salism " (1878) ; "Walks about Zion" (1881); and " Manual of Revelation " (1888).

AUSTIN, Jane Goodwin, author, b. in Worcester, Mass., 25 Feb., 1831. She is the daughter of Isaac Goodwin, of Worcester, was educated in private schools in Boston, and on 24 June, 1850, married Loring H. Austin. Her publications are "Fairy Dreams" (Boston, 1859); "Dora Darling" (1864); "Outpost" (1866): "Cipher" (New York, 1869) ; " The Shadow of Moloch Mountain " (1870) ; "Moonfolk" (1874); "Mrs. Beauchamp Brown" (Boston, 1880) ; "A Nameless Nobleman" (1881);