Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889, volume 6).djvu/689

Rh ZABRISKIE, Abraham Oothout, jurist, b. in Greenbush (now East Albany), N. Y., 10 June, 1807 ; d. in Truckee. Cal., 27 June, 1873. He was graduated at Princeton in 1825, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. He practised for two years in Newark, and then removed to Hack- ensack, N. J., where he remained till 1849. He was reporter of the supreme court of New Jersey from 1848 till 1856. Removing to Jersey City from Hackensack, he was elected to the state senate, and took an important part in framing the city charter of 1851 and in other legislation. He be- came chancellor of New Jersey in 1866, and died while he was on a journey soon after the comple- tion of his term.

ZACHOS, John Celivergos (zak'^os), educator, b. in Constantinople, Turkey, 20 Dec. 1820. He is of Greek parentage, and came to this country when he was ten years old with Dr. Samuel G. Howe. He was graduated at Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1840, and in 1842-'5 studied at the medical school of Miami university, but did not take his degree. He was associate principal in Cooper female seminary, Dayton. Ohio, in 1851-'4, and principal of the grain- mar-school of Antioch college, Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 1855-'7. During the civil war he served in the army as an assistant surgeon, and in 1865, having studied theology privately, he was ordained pastor of the Unitarian church in West Newton, Mass. In 1866-'7 he was pastor at Meadville. Pa., and professor of rhetoric in the theological school in that place. Since 1871 he has been curator of the Cooper union, New York city. Dr. Zachos in- vented and patented in 1876 the stenotype, for print- ing a legible text from the English alphabet at a reporting speed. In this machine the types are fixed on eighteen shuttle-bars, two or more of which may be simultaneously placed in position, and the impression is given by a plunger common to all the bars. Improvements were patented in 1883 and 1886. He edited the " Ohio Journal of Education " in 1852, and is the author of " New American Speaker " (New York, 1852) ; " Analyti- cal Elocution " (1861) ; " New System of Phonic Reading without changing the Orthography," a pamphlet (Boston, 1863) : and a " Phonic Primer and Reader " (1864).

ZAKRZEWSKA, Maria Elizabeth (sakr- zhev'-skah), physician, b. in Berlin, Prussia, 6 Sept., 1829. She is of Polish descent. After studying medicine and serving as an assistant and afterward as a teacher in the college in which she had stud- ied, she came to this country in 1853, and was graduated at Cleveland medical college. With Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell she established the New York infirmary, which she superintended two years, as resident physician and manager. After her removal to Boston in 1863 she founded the New England hospital for women and children.

ZALDIVAR, Rafael, Central American states- man, b. about 1830. He studied law, taking part also in politics, and when in 1876 the government of Andres Valle was defeated by the Guatemalan army under Gen. Rufino Barrios, the Salvador junta de notables assembled in accordance with the capitu- lation of 25 April, and nominated Zaldivar as pro- visional president, and in May he was elected con- stitutionally. His administration was enlightened and progressive ; he fostered the planting of cacoa, rubber-trees, and the maguey or American agave for the fibre industry, and founded an agricultural college and a model experimental farm. In 1883 he was re-elected, in the next year made an ex- tended trip through the United States. England, France, and Spain, and on his return held an in- terview in September, 1884, with the presidents of Guatemala and Honduras regarding the proposed union of the five Central American republics. When Barrios suddenly issued, on 18 Feb., 1885, his famous decree proclaiming himself provisional chief of the restored Central American union, Zal- divar seemed to accept the idea enthusiastically, and nearly forced President Bogran, of Honduras, to subscribe to it, but when he saw the opposition in his own country and the formal protest of the governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, he opened negotiations with Mexico, and finally con- cluded a secret treaty with Costa Rica and Nicara- gua, in the mean time arming apparently to assist Barrios. Finally, when the latter prepared to join the Salvador army, Zaldivar threw aside the mask and on 9 March telegraphed Barrios, declaring against him, and advanced his army of nearly 10,- 000 men, under Gen. Monterosa, toward the frontier. After the indecisive fight of Chalchualpa on 30 March, Monterosa retreated to San Lorenzo, after Barrios's death the Guatemalan congress proposed an armistice, and on 14 April peace was concluded. On the 21st of that month Zaldivar proposed to the provisional president of Guatemala, Barillas, a Central American union, with a congress of dele- gates from the five republics to meet on 15 May at Santa Rosa ; but the proposal was not accepted, and he delivered the executive to Gen. Figueroa, and in May sailed for France, where he has since lived.

ZALDIVAR MENDOZA, Vicente (thal'-dee- var), Mexican soldier, b. in Zacatecas in 1565 ; d. there about 1625. He entered the military ser- vice, and in 1600 went with his uncle, Juan de Onate, as second commander of the expedition that was sent by the viceroy. Count de Monterey, to the conquest of New Mexico. Although they pene- trated to 37° north latitude, and established there a fort and mission, under the name of San Gabriel, affairs were mismanaged, for which some writers blame Onate and other's Zaldivar, and the station was abandoned in 1604. On his return, Zaldivar retired from military service and settled in his na- tive city, where he endowed in 1616 a Jesuit col- lege. He wrote '• Relacion dirigida al Rey, Nues- tro Senor, sobre la expedicion y pacificacion del Nuevo Mexico," which is preserved in manuscript in the archives of the Indies, and is to be published in the government collection.

ZALINSKI, Edmund Louis Gray, soldier, b. in Kórnik, Prussian Poland, 13 Dec., 1849. He came to the United States in 1853, attended school at Seneca Falls, N. Y., until 1861, and subsequently was at the high-school in Syracuse, N. Y., until 1863. At the age of fifteen he entered the army, serving at first as volunteer aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Nelson A. Miles from October, 1864, till February, 1865. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d New York heavy artillery in February, 1865, having been recommended for the appointment by his superior officers for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. After being commissioned he continued on Gen. Miles's staff until after the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee, participating in all of the engagements up to that date. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in September, 1865, and