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644 Bay from 1623 to 1036" (1846). He also edited " Library of Old English Prose Writers," the first publication of the kind in this country (9 vols., 1831-4). There is a memoir of Dr. Young by Rev. Chandler Robbins, D. D., published in the "Collections of the Massachusetts Historical So- ciety." — His son, Alexander, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 19 May, 1836, was educated in the Boston public schools, and for several years engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1862 he was graduated at the Harvard law-school, and at once began the practice of law in Boston. He also became asso- ciate editor of the " Globe " of that city soon after its establishment in 1872. He has been a frequent contributor to periodical literature, and is now editorially connected with the Boston " Post." His " History of the Netherlands " (Boston. 1884 ; Lon- don, 1886) is based on original authorities, impor- tant additions having been made to the period that is covered by Motley's works, and the history brought down to the present time.

YOUNG, Alfred, clergyman, b. in Bristol, Eng- land, 21 Jan., 1831. He was graduated at Princeton in 1848, and at the medical department of the Uni- versity of New York in 1852, after which he practised medicine for a year. In 1850 he became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, and after ecclesiastical studies at the Seminary of St. Sulpice in Paris, France, he was ordained a priest of that church on 24 Aug., 1856. He was vice-president of Seton Hall college in 1856-'7, rector of the Roman Catho- lic church in Princeton, N. J., in 1857-'60, and of the church in Trenton, N. J., in 1860-1. Father Young then entered the community of the Paulists in New York city. His name has been particu- larly associated with the reformation of church music, and the beginning in the United States of an effort toward the restoration of the Gregorian chant for the entire services of his church. This practice was introduced in the Paulist church in 1870, and has since continued to be a feature in its services. He has both written and lectured in favor of it, and it is being gradually adopted else- where. At present he is engaged in the advocacy of a further reform tending toward congregational singing. Besides magazine articles on sundry re- ligious topics, and a series of epigrammatic poems on scriptural texts in the " Catholic World," he has published "The Complete Sodality Hymn-Book" (New York, 1863); new ed., entitled "Catholic Hymns and Canticles" (1888) ; " The Office of Ves- pers" (1869); "The Catholic Hymnal" (1884): and "Carols for a Merry Christmas and a Joyous Eas- ter" (2 vols., 1885-6). — His brother, Edward (1818-1870), was a jeweler, and published in 1859 "The Ladve Lillian and other Poems."

YOUNG, Sir Allen William, British explorer, b. in Twickenham, Middlesex, England, in 1830. He was a captain in the merchant service at the time of the Crimean war, and rendered useful ser- vice as master of a transport to the British forces at Balaklava. Afterward he volunteered for the Franklin search expedition of Capt. Francis L. McClintock, in 1857-'60, and was sailing-master of the " Fox " during the voyage. In command of a sledge party, between February and July, 1859, he discovered 400 miles of new coast. In 1862 he commanded an expedition to survey a route for a cable telegraph under the Atlantic ocean by way of Iceland and Greenland. He was one of the or- ganizers of the Chinese navy, and captain of a man- of-war during the Taiping rebellion. In 1875 he attempted the northwest passage, and endeavored to find the records of the lost Franklin expedition on King William's Land, in his yacht " Pandora " ; and in 1876 he refitted her for a second voyage with the same object, but changed his destination to Smith sound at the request of the British ad- miralty, which desired to communicate with the depots of the government expedition. He accom- plished his mission with success, and for his ser- vices was knighted, 12 March, 1877. An account of the " Two Voyages of the ' Pandora' in 1875 and 1876 " has been published (London. 1879).

YOUNG, Andrew White, author, b. in Car- lisle, Schoharie co:, N. Y, 2 March, 1802; d. in Warsaw, Wyoming co., N. Y., 17 Feb., 1877. He removed to Warsaw in 1816, received a common- school education, taught for several years, then en- gaged in mercantile business, and in 1830 estab- lished the Warsaw "Sentinel," changing the name in 1832 to the " Republican Advocate." In 1836 he published and edited a paper called the " Ameri- can, Citizen." Mr. Young represented Wyoming coupty in the legislature in 1845-'6 and in the Con- stitutional convention of 1846. He published " In- troduction to the Science of Government," which obtained an extensive circulation (Warsaw, 1835 ; revised ed., 1839) ; " First Lessons in Civil Govern- ment " (1843 ; revised ed., 1847) ; " Citizen's Manual of Government and Law " (1851 ; revised ed., 1858) ; " The American Statesman : a Political History of the United States " (1855 ; new ed., with an appen- dix written just before his death. New York, 1888); and " National Economy : a History of the Ameri- can Protective System "' (1860). YOUNG, Sir Aretas William, British soldier, b. about 1778.; d. 1 Dec, 1835. He entered the army in 1795 as ensign, was captain in the 13th foot in 1796, and served in Ireland during the rebellion of 1798. In 1801 he was on duty in Egypt, and in 1807 he was advanced to the rank of major in the 47th regiment. Subsequently he was engaged in many battles of the Peninsular war, and from 1813 he served in the West Indies as lieutenant-colonel, chiefly at Trinidad. In 1815 he was sent to join the expedition against Guadaloupe, and received one of the badges of the Order of Merit from Louis XVIII. He was next placed in command of the troops in Grenada, and, on his being ordered back to Trinidad, the council of assembly pre- sented him with a sword valued at 100 guineas. From this time to the final disbandment of the 3d West Indian regiment in 1825, he administered the government at various times during the absence of Sir Ralph Woodford, and was rewarded for the " candor, integrity, and impartiality which had marked his administration " by 150 guineas for a sword, and plate valued at £250. In 1826 he was appointed protector of slaves in Demerara. and in 1831 was .made lieutenant-governor of Prince Ed- ward island. In 1834 he was knighted.

YOUNG, Augustus, author, b. in Arlington, Vt, 20 March, 1785 ; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 17 June. 1857. He received an academic education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and began practice at Stow. In 1812 he removed to Craftsbury. He was a member of the state assembly during twelve successive sessions and of the state senate for three terms, and was state's attorney for Orleans county and judge of probate. He was a member of congress from Vermont from 31 May, 1841, till 3 March, 1843. and declined a re-election. He then resumed the practice of law, removed to St. Albans in 1847. was for several years judge of the county court there, and in 1856 was appointed state naturalist. He published "On the Quadrature of the Circle" (St. Albans, 1852) and "Preliminary Report on the Natural History of the State of Vermont " (Burlington, 1856).