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604 honesty and fair dealing, as well as for skill in driving and training horses. He was the author of " The Trotting-Horse of America, with Remi- niscences of the Trotting Turf," edited by Charles J. Foster, with a memoir and an introduction by George Wilkes (New York, 1869).

WOODRUFF, Israel Carle, soldier, b. in Trenton, N. J., in 1815; d. in Tompkinsville, N. Y., 10 Dec, 1878. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1836, became 1st lieu- tenant of topographical engineers in 1842, and was superintending topographical engineer of the survey of the Creek boundary in 1850-'l. He then engaged in reconnoissances of military roads to the bouth Pass of the Rocky mountains and to New Mexico, was subsequently engineer and in- spector of light-houses on the great lakes, and in 1853 became captain of topographical engineers for fourteen years' continuous service. He was as- sistant to the chief topographical engineer at Washington, D. C, in 1857-'63, became major in that branch of the service in August, 1861, and from 1863 until his death was assistant to the chief engineer at Washington. In that capacity he was engaged in the defence of Washington against the advance of Gen. Jubal A. Early in July, 1864. He became lieutenant-colonel of en- gineers in August of the same year, and was a mem- ber of the board of examination of engineer officers in 1864-'5. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted colonel, U. S. army, " for faithful and meritorious services in the corps of engineers," and brigadier- general in the same " for meritorious services dur- ing the civil war."

WOODRUFF, Wilford, president of the Mor- mon church, b. in Northington (now Avon), Conn., 1 March, 1807. He was educated in Farmington, early joined the Mormon church, and was or- dained to the priesthood in 1833. Mr. Woodruff followed the church in its journeyings through the United States until it finally reached Salt Lake City. He was ordained one of the twelve apostles on 29 April, 1839, at Far West, Mo., with the spe- cial designation of "the Banner of the Gospel." He has been sent on missions throughout the United States and Europe, and in all has travelled about 150,000 miles. Mr. Woodruff became presi- dent of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints on the death of John Taylor in 1887, retaining still that office, having held at that time the place of president of the twelve apostles. He has been a member of the Utah legislative assem- bly for twenty-two years. He served in 1843 on the editorial staff of the " Times and Seasons " in Xauvoo, 111., and in 1843 on the "Millennial Star" in Liverpool. Mr. Woodruff is a believer in polyg- amy, and entered into that practice before there was any law against it in the United States. See " Earlv Davs of Mormonism," by James Harrison Kennedv (New York, 1888).

WOODS, Andrew Salter, jurist, b. in Bath, Me., 2 June, 1803 ; d. there, 30 June, 1863. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1825. and began the practice of law in his native town. He at- tained to eminence in his profession, and in 1840 was chosen a judge of the supreme court of New Hampshire, becoming chief justice in 1855. Dart- mouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1852.

WOODS, Leonard, clergyman, b. in Princeton. Mass., 19 June, 1774; d. in Andover. Mass., 24 Aug., 1854. His father. Samuel, possessed "Puri- tanic piety," and his habits of serious thought on metaphysical subjects obtained for him the title of " Philosopher Woods." The son was brought up strictly, and while very young was conversant with the works of John Locke and Jonathan Edwards. He was graduated at Harvard in 1796, taught, studied theology at Somers, Conn., and in 1798 was ordained pastor at Newbury, Mass. When the Andover theological seminary was founded in 1808 he became professor of Christian theology there, holding that chair for thirty-eight years, and becoming professor emeritus in 1846. Dart- mouth gave him the degree of D. D. in 1810. Dr. Woods was active in the establishment of the American tract society, the Temperance society, and the board of commissioners of foreign mis- sions, of whose prudential committee he was a member for twenty-five years. He ably defended orthodox Calvinism against Unitarian theology, and while he admitted improvements in theologians and theological science, thought theological truths were fixed and unalterable. His literary reputa- tion dates from his contribution in 1805 of a series of papers m the " Panoplist," a religious periodi- cal, in which he defended Calvinism against Jo- seph Buckminster, William Channing, and other Unitarian divines. Dr. Henry B. Smith says of him : " He is emphatically the ' judicious ' divine of the later New England theology. He educated more than 1,000 preachers, who had neither crotch- ets nor airy aims." He left in manuscript a " His- tory of Andover Seminary." His publications in- clude " Letters to Unitarians " (Andover, 1820) ; "Lectures on the Inspiration of the Scriptures" (1829) ; " Memoirs of American Missionaries " (1833) ; " Examination of the Doctrine of Perfection" (1841); "Lectures on Church Government" (New York, 1843) ; " Lectures on Swedenborgianism " (1846) ; and his collected works, containing lectures, essays, sermons, and reviews (5 vols., Andover, 1849-'50). — His son, Leonard) scholar, b. in Newbury, Mass., 24 Nov., 1807 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 24 Dec, 1878, was graduated at Union college in 1827 and at Andover theological seminary in 1830. In 1831-'3 he was resident graduate scholar at Andover, and in 1833 he was licensed to preach. His. private pupil, Richard Henry Dana, says of him : " At the age of twentv-four years he had been the first scholar in the Phillips academy, the first in every branch at Union, had been graduated at the Theological seminary the acknowledged foremost man of his period, and had published a translation of Knapp s 'Christian Theology,' enriched with a long and fully thought-out preface, with ' original notes showing profound scholarship. He was assisting Professor Stuart in his commentary on the ' Epistle to the Romans,' and aiding Professor Robinson in editing the ' Biblical Repository,' then the most scholastic periodical in America, and was assistant instructor of Hebrew in the seminary." He edited the " Literary and Theological Review " in New York city in 1834-'7, and although that periodical was the organ of the Presbyterian and Congregational churches, he directly opposed the opinions of many of its supporters, objecting to the proposals of temperance and anti-slavery societies and popular revivalists, and to the German Reformation, and defending the few and simple conditions of admission into the Anglican communion, as compared with the minute requirements of doctrine in his own church. He was professor of sacred literature in Bangor theological seminary in 1836-'9. and from 1839 till 1866 president of Bowdoin. He never accepted a pastoral charge, but occasionally delivered sermons and addresses. He went abroad in 1*3:5, and contracted friendships with eminent theologians in Home and in Oxford. His familiarity with the classics caused him to be