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366 in anatomy in 1805, was active in establishing the reading-room that was developed into the Boston athenaeum, and formed a private medical society. In 1806 he was chosen adjunct professor in anato- my and surgery in Harvard, In 1810 he assisted in founding a hospital for the destitute, and in 1811 the "New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery." In 1815 he was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery in Harvard. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital in 1820, and principal surgeon until his death. In 1827 he was elected president of the Boston tem- perance society. He exercised great caution in performing surgical operations, many of which were hitherto unknown in the United States, and he was almost invariably successful. He was the first to operate for strangulated hernia, and even- tually his method was adopted. He introduced the operation for aneurism, and performed it in numerous cases, all of which were successful except two. In 1837 he went to Europe for further study. After his return he became an active member of the Agricultural society of Massachusetts, and im- proved the breed of cattle by importation of for- eign stock. He was also chosen president of the Society of natural history. In 1845 he obtained the most perfect skeleton of the mastodon that ex- ists. In 1846 he gave a new impulse to operative surgery by the introduction of ether, and his ad- vocacy of its use in certain cases led to its general adoption by the profession. Besides frequent con- tributions to scientific journals, Dr. Warren pub- lished " Cases of Organic Diseases of the Heart " (Boston, 1809) ; " Description of an Egyptian Mum- my "(1821); " Comparative View of the Sensorial and Nervous Systems in Man and Animals " (1822) ; " Some Account of the Medical School in Boston, and of the Massachusetts General Hospital " (1824) ; " Letter to Hon. I. Parker on the Dislocation of the Hip-Joint, etc." (Cambridge, 1826) ; " Description of the Siamese Twins" (Boston, 1829); "Surgical Observations on Tumors : with Cases and Observa- tions " (1837) ; " Physical Education and the Pres- ervation of Health" (Boston, 1846); "Etheriza- tion : with Surgical Remarks " (1848) : " Effects of Chloroform and of Strong Chloric Ether as Nar- cotic Agents" (1849); "Description of a Skeleton of the Mastodon Giganteus of North America " (1852) ; " Remarks on Some Fossil Impressions in the Sandstone Rocks of Connecticut River " (1854) ; " Genealogy of Warren, with Some Historical Sketches " (1854) ; and " The Great Tree on Boston Common " (1855). See " The Life of John Collins Warren, M. D., compiled chiefly from his Auto- biography and Journals," by his brother Edward (2 vols., Boston, I860).— John's son. Edward, phy- sician, b. in Boston, Mass., 19 Dec, 1804, was graduated at Harvard in 1826, and at the medical school in 1829, began practice in Boston, removed in 1840 to Newton Falls, and while continuing to practise his profession engaged in agriculture. Among his medical writings are a "Sketch of the Progress of Cholera in America in 1832"; three Boytston prize essays on " Scrofula," " Rheuma- tism," and " Erysipelatous Inflammation." which were published together (Philadelphia, 1840). — A son of John Collins, Jonathan Mason, surgeon, b. in Boston, Mass.. in 1811 ; d. there, 19 Aug., 1867, was graduated at the medical department of Harvard in 1832, and afterward studied in London and Paris. He established himself in Boston, where for twenty years he was attending physician to the Massachusetts general hospital. lie per- formed a great variety of operations, and was a voluminous contributor to medical literature. His chief work was "Surgical Observations, with Cases and Operations " (Boston, 1867). His wife was a daughter of Gov. John Collins. — Jonathan Mason's son, John Collins, physician, b. in Boston, 4 May, 1842, was graduated at Harvard in 1863 and at Harvard medical school in 1866, studied two years at the Imperial hospital in Vienna, and afterward with several eminent surgeons in Berlin, Paris, and London, and began the practice of his profession in Boston in 1869. He is now surgeon in the Massa- chusetts general hospital, and since 1887 has been associate professor of surgery in the Harvard medi- cal school. He was editor of the " Boston Medical and Surgical Journal " in 1873-'81, and is author of "Anatomy of Keloid," in "Archives of the Impe- rial Academy of Sciences " (Vienna, 1869) ; " Anato- my and Development of Rodent Ulcer" (Boston, 1872) ; " Pathology of Carbuncle and Column® Adi- posae " (1879) ; and " Healing of Arteries after Liga- ture in Men and Animals " (New York, 1886).

WARREN, Joseph, journalist, b. in Water- bury, Vt., 24 July, 1829 ; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 30 Sept., 1876. He studied at the University of Ver- mont, and soon afterward went to Albany, N. Y., where he was made assistant editor of the " Coun- try Gentleman " in 1849, and also teacher of Latin and Greek at the Albany academy. He became associate editor of the Buffalo " Courier " in 1853 and editor-in-chief in 1858, and was chosen presi- dent of the New York press association in 1870. He was a member at large of the Democratic state central committee, and a leader of his party in western New York. He was elected superintend- ent of public schools in Buffalo in 1857, advocated a public park system for that city, and served on the park commission from its formation in 1871 till his death. He was instrumental in secur- ing the establishment of the State insane asylum and the State normal school in Buffalo, took an active part in the organization of the Fine-arts academy, and was interested in the project of the Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia railroad. He was at one time president of the Young men's Christian association, and was a member of the council of the medical department of the Uni- versity of Buffalo.

WARREN, Josiah, reformer, b. in 1799 : d. in Boston, Mass., 14 April, 1874. He took an active part in Robert Owen's communistic experiment at New Harmony, Ind., in 1825-'6, and was so dis- couraged by its failure that he was on the point of abandoning any further attempt in that direc- tion when, as he said, " a new train of thought seemed to throw a sudden flash of light upon our past errors, and to show plainly the path to be pursued." He forthwith gave up the idea of main- taining a communal system of society, and sought to attain the same ends through individual sover- eignty. He held that the proper reward of labor was a like amount of labor, and elucidated his theory by a supposition. " If I am a bricklayer, and need the services of a physician, an hour of my work in bricklaying is the proper recompense to be given the physician for an hour of his ser- vices." He proved the sincerity of his belief in this idea by establishing. what was known as the " time store" in Cincinnati, Ohio, which he conducted with fair success for two years, giving and receiv- ing labor-notes in transactions with his customers. He propounded his theories in a work entitled the " True Civilization," and some of his views elicited the commendation of John Stuart Mill.

WARREN, Lott, jurist, b. in Burke county, Ga., 30 Oct., 1797 ; d. in Albany. Ga., 17 June, 1861. He received a public-school education, was clerk in a