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Rh tion in prose and verse, and has been described as a "composition of the Puritan way of thinking ingrafted on the old classic machinery of Apollo and his court." He also published "The New- lander's Cure," in which he gives some account of his Newfoundland settlement (1630), and "The Church Militant," a labored historical poem (1040).

VAUGHAN, William, soldier, b. in Ports- mouth, N. H., 12 Sept., 1703 ; d. in London, Eng- land, 11 Dec, 1746. His father, George (1676-1724), was graduated at Harvard in 1696 and was lieu- tenant-governor of New Hampshire in 1715-17. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1722, be- came concerned in the fisheries, and settled in Damariscotta. He is one of the claimants for the honor of first suggesting the successful expedition against Louisburg. It is said that he made the suggestion to Gov. Benning Wentworth, of New Hampshire, who referred him to Gov. William Shirley, of Massachusetts. He took part as lieu- tenant-colonel in the expedition under Sir William Pepperell, and at the head of a detachment, chief- ly of New Hampshire troops, he marched by night to the northeastern part of the harbor, where he burned the warehouses and destroyed a large quan- tity of wine and brandy. The French were forced bythe smoke to desert the grand battery, of which Vaughan took possession next morning, and which he held till the fall of the city. He considered himself slighted in the distribution of awards, and at the time of his death was asserting his rights in England. His claim of priority in .the suggestion of the expedition is upheld in the anonymous tract, " The Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton " (London, 1746), the authorship of which is often assigned to William Bollan, but which some be- lieve to have been inspired by Vaughan. Other authors also say that common report gave him pri- ority. See also " Col. William Vaughan of Mar- tinicus and Damariscotta " in the " Collections of the Maine Historical Society," bv William Goold.

VAUGIRAUD, Pierre Ren6 Marie (vo-zhe- ro). Comte de, French naval officer, b. in Sables- d'Olonne in 1741 ; d. in France, 14 March, 1819. Fie entered the navy at the age of fourteen, and in 1781 was major-general in the fleet of the Count de Grasse, and contributed to the early successes of that commander in the West Indies. While the fleet was off Cape Haytien, a fire was discovered on board the " Intrepide," which was stationed in the centre, close to the town. The sailors, panic- stricken, mutinied and abandoned the vessel, and Vaugiraud asked leave of the Count de Grasse to aid the commander of the "Intrepide" in saving the fleet or to perish with him. He then made-his way to the vessel, which was already in flames, forced the mutineers to return, and ordered the necessary measures. The Are was approaching the powder-magazine, when the " Intrepide " was moved some distance from the fleet and town. Vaugiraud and its commander then ordered the crew to take to the boats, and were the last to leave the ship, which blew up five minutes after their departure. Vaugiraud afterward sailed to Chesapeake bay, and. returning with De Grasse to the Antilles, took part in the battle of 12 April, 1782, against Lord Rodney, receiving from the king an autograph let- ter of "thanks and a pension of 12,000 livres. He was in command of a vessel at Martinique in 1789, when an insurrection began in the island. He sec- onded the efforts of the governor, and both for a time arrested the progress of the revolution. He left France in 1791, and returned with trie Bour- bons in 1814. He was made vice-admiral and gov- ernor of Martinique, and soon afterward gover- nor-general of the Antilles. When he arrived he found that the people had learned of the return of Napoleon, and were everywhere hoisting the tri- color flag. He took energetic measures to preserve Martinique and Guadeloupe to Louis XVIII., and. when he saw that this was impossible without as- sistance, he formed a convention with the English. in virtue of which he gave them control of the colonies for the time. He governed the colony afterward with firmness, and restored its finances to a sound condition, but he was charged with being harsh and tyrannical, and was recalled in 1818. The king forbade him his presence, and he died broken-hearted. Vaugiraud published " Rap- port au roi sur le gouvernement de la Martinique et de la Guadeloupe" (Paris, 1822), which was de- clared unauthentic by his family.

VAUQUELIN, French naval officer, b. in Caen, France, in 1726; d. in France in 1763. At the age of ten he entered the naval service under his father. In 1745 he gained a victory over an English frig- ate off Martinique, and in 1754 he was employed in reconnoitring the English ports, and performed this mission with such sagacity that he was given the command of the " Arethuse," and sent with re-enforcements and military stores to Louisburg, Cape Breton. He was entirely successful, but he determined to do more for the French colony, and, seeing that advantage could be derived from the possession of a bay in front of which English vessels had to pass, he took up a position in it. He was attacked by a superior force, but fought his ship until most of his crew were wounded. Then he retired under the cannon of the fort, repaired his vessel, and, having with difficulty obtained the governor's consent, he escaped through the English fleet and sailed for France to obtain aid for the colony. This feat excited the admiration of the English officers, and especially of Admiral Bos- cawen, but met with no adequate reward in France, where the highest commands in the army and navy were considered to belong to the nobility solely. However, he was given command of three frigates, and, in spite of the vigilance of the Eng- lish fleet, sailed up St. Lawrence river, placed his vessels in a position of security, and, with part of the crew, re-enforced the garrison in Quebec. This succor delayed the capitulation for several days, but after the French reverses of 13 Sept. he foresaw that the city must soon surrender, and he resolved to make an effort to save his frigates. Escaping from Quebec with a few followers,' he reached his vessels safely, and at once set sail. He had scarcely reached the mouth of the St. Law- rence when he was attacked by a superior force. After a heroic defence, his ship became unmanage- able. Determined to sink with his vessel rather than surrender, he allowed his crew to escape, and remained alone on board his ship, which he set on fire, but the English commander, moved by his heroism, saved him. When he returned to France he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. But he had enemies who were jealous of his elevation, and after an important mission on which he was sent to India, he was arrested and confined to his house. He was released after four months' deten- tion, and was about to appear before the king in order to defend himself, when he was assassinated. VAUX, Calvert (vawks), landscape architect, b. in London, England, 20 Dec, 1824. He was educated at the Merchant tailors' school, and was a pupil to Lewis N. Cottingham, architect in Lon- don. In 1848 he came to this country at the sug- gestion of Andrew J. Downing, whose architec- tural partner he became, and with whom he was