Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889, volume 6).djvu/207

Rh Wilson will be found in his " Noctes Ambro- sianae " (5 vols., New York, 1854).

TURGEON, Pierre Flavian, R. C. archbishop of Quebec, b. in Quebec, Canada, 12 Nov., 1787; d. there, 25 Aug.. 1867. From 1808 till 1820 he was secretary to Bishop Joseph Octave Plessis, and on 29 April, 1810, was ordained priest. For many- years he taught in the Seminary of Quebec until he became, by appointment and bulls of Pope Gregory XVI., bishop and coadjutor of the archbishop of Quebec. He was consecrated, under the title of Sidyme in Quebec, on 11 May, 1834. In 1849-'50 he was administrator of the diocese, and in the latter year became archbishop, and was vested with the pallium on 11 June, 1851. He resigned his office in 1855, owing to impaired health.

TURGOT, Anne Robert Joseph (toor-go), Baron de l'Aulne, French statesman, b. in Paris, 10 May, 1727; d. there, 20 March, 1781. He stud- ied for the church and was prior of Sorbonne in 1749, but resigned in 1751, was made deputy attor- ney-general and councillor in the parliament of Paris in 1752, a master of the tribunal of the re- quests in 1753, and intendant of Limousin in 1761. He made many improvements in the ad- ministration of that province, and was named, 20 July, 1774. secretary of the navy. During his short administration he devised a plan that after- ward gave a vigorous impulse to the prosperity of the French colonies in America. On 24 Aug., 1774, he succeeded Abbe Terray as comptroller of the finances. He set immediately to work to re- form abuses and put France upon a sound finan- cial basis. He found the greatest opposition at court and in the king's council to carrying on his proposed reforms that might have averted the revolution of 1789, and there were riots in Paris and other cities in May, 1775. Louis XVI., who said, " Only M. Turgot and I love the people," held a levee of justice at the parliament of Paris, 12 May, 1776, and obliged that body to register Turgot's edicts on finance. The Count d'Artois, Louis XVI.'s aunts, and Count de Maurepas secured Turgot's dismissal, 12 May, 1776, and he retired to Paris, where he devoted himself to philosophical labors. Owing to his friendship for Benjamin Franklin and his love for the cause of freedom, he was in part instrumental in 1778 in bringing about the treaty of alliance with the United States, and composed, at the request of Richard Price, with whom he corresponded to the last, "Reflexions sur la situation des Americains des Etats-Unis " (Paris, 1779). At the request of Franklin he wrote " Traite des vrais principes de l'imposi- tion" (1780). Turgot's principal works are " Lettre sur le papier monnaie " (1745) : " Sur la tolerance " (1752) ; " Reflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses" (1771) ; and " Sur la liberte du commerce des grains " (1772). His life has been written by the Marquis de Condorcet (London, 1786), and his complete works were edited by Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours (9 vols., Paris, 1808-'ll).

TURGOT, Etienne Francois (toor'-go), Mar- uis de Coismont, French statesman, b. in Paris, 2 une. 1721 ; d. there, 21 Oct., 1789. After serving for some time with the Knights of Malta, he was created on his return to France in 1764 brigadier of the armies of the king. He made a proposal to the French minister, Choiseul. to regenerate the colony of Cayenne by establishing in Guiana a new settle- ment under the name of " France equinoxiaie," strong enough to resist, without any aid from the mother country, an attack from any quarter, and even to give succor to the other American colonies in case of need. Turgot expected that such a colony, if successful, would counterbalance the recent loss of Canada. The plan was adopted, and Turgot received the title of governor-general of French Guiana; but the measures for its execution were badly carried out, the colonists perished in crowds, and loud complaints met him on his arrival as to the oppression of the intendant of the new colony, Chauvallon. He arrested the latter and sent him a prisoner to France. Turgot remained about four months, during which he made fruit- less efforts to remedy the evils that preyed on the settlement. His health failed him, and he was forced to return to France, where he confirmed the reports that had already reached the government that- it was impossible to realize the projects so lightly adopted in such a country as Guiana. He was for some time imprisoned on the complaint of Chauvallon, and, on his release, lived in retirement. He wrote several works, memoirs, and pamphlets, among them " Memoire sur la flore de la Guiane " (Paris, 1766) and "Observations sur Fespece de resine elastique de l'lle de France, semblable a celle de Cayenne " (1769).

TURINI, Giovanni (too-re'-ne), sculptor, b. near Verona, Italy, 23 May, 1841. He studied sculpture at Milan and Rome, and subsequently became professor in Milan. During the war with Austria in 1866 he served as a volunteer in the 4th regiment of Garibaldi's army. Later he came to this country and settled in New York. In 1867 he exhibited a group of statuary entitled " Angelica and Medora " at the World's fair in Paris, and in 1882 he made a bust of Leo XIII. for the Vatican in Rome. The statue of Garibaldi erected in Wash- ington square by the Italians of New York city was designed by him. It was unveiled in June, 1888, and accepted by Mayor Abram S. Hewitt.

TURNBULL, Laurence, physician, b. in Shotts, Lanarkshire, Scotland, 10 Sept., 1821. He was graduated at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy in 1842, taking as his thesis "Salicine," which he had found in the populus tremuloides, and then engaged in the business of manufacturing chemicals. For his success in the production of citrate of iron he received an award of merit from the Franklin institute, and he also discovered that biborate of sodium would bleach colored oils and ointments. Entering the office of Dr. John K. Mitchell, he studied medicine, and was graduated at the Jefferson medical college in 1845. He was appointed resident physician of the Philadelphia hospital in 1845, and was out-door physician to the guardians of the poor in 1846-'8, also vaccine physician to the city of Philadelphia in 1847-'50. Meanwhile, in 1848-'50, he was lecturer on chemistry applied to the arts in Franklin institute, and from 1857 till 1887 he was physician to the department of diseases of the eye and ear in the Howard hospital. At the beginning of the civil war he was a volunteer surgeon in the hospital-department service on Potomac river, for the relief of the Pennsylvania troops, in Emory hospital, and at Fort Monroe. Dr. Turnbull has made a specialty of diseases of the ear, and is aural surgeon of the Jefferson medical college hospital, and superintendent of the ear clinic in 1877-88. Besides holding membership in various medical societies, he presided over the section in otology of the American medical association in 1880, anil of the British medical association in 1881 ; and he was chosen delegate to the section in otology of the British medical association in 1888, and to the congress of otology that convened in Brussels, Belgium, in September, 1888. Dr. Turnbull has contributed largely to medical