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162 first book was followed by a novel entitled " The Refugee in America " (1832), and " The Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw" (1836), both il- lustrative of the vulgar side of American manners and character. Her other writings include numer- ous novels, and " Belgium and Western Germany " (2 vols., London, 1834) ; " A Visit to Italy " (2 vols., 1842) ; and " Travels and Travellers " (1846).— Her son, Thomas Adolphus, is a voluminous author, and was for many years Italian correspondent of the New York "Tribune." — Another son, Anthonv, (1815-1882), was connected with the British postal service in 1834-'67, and was sent by the govern- ment several times to this country to compare the English system with that in the United States. He is best known by his numerous novels. He also published a book of travels in this country, entitled " North America " (London, 1862), and his auto- biographv appeared soon after his death (1883).

TROLLOPE, Sir Henry, British naval officer, b. in Norwich, England, in 1756 ; d. in Freshford, near Bath, England, 2 Nov., 1839. He entered the navy in 1770, participated in the battles of Lex- ington and Bunker Hill, and afterward in the siege of Boston, was with Lord Dunmore in Virginia, and assisted at the taking of Rhode Island. He became 3d lieutenant of the " Bristol " in 1777, as- sisted at the attack on Port Montgomery and Fort Clinton, and subsequently served at Philadelphia and Mud island. He became a post-captain in 1781, and was knighted for his participation in the victory of Camperdown. He became full admiral in 1812, and was a knight commander of the Bath.

TROOST, Gerard, mineralogist, b. in Bois Le Due, Holland, 15 March, 1776 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 14 Aug., 1850. He was educated at the universities of Leyden and Amsterdam, where he devoted special attention to chemistry, geology, and natural history. In 1801 he received the degree of master in pharmacy from the latter university. For a time he practised his art at the Hague and elsewhere, but soon went to Paris, where he became the pupil of the Abbe Haiiy. In 1809 he was ap- pointed by Louis Bonaparte, then king of Holland, scientific attache of a naval expedition to Java, but he was captured by an English privateer, and, after confinement in Dunkirk, returned to Paris. He then made his way on an American sailing vessel from La Rochelle to Philadelphia, hoping thence to reach Java. Soon after his arrival in the United States, Louis Bonaparte relinquished the throne, and Java was surrendered to the English. In consequence he determined to remain in Phila- delphia, where, in 1812, he assisted in founding the Academy of natural sciences, and was its president in 1812-'17. The first works in the United States for the manufacture of alum were organized by him in 1814 at Cape Sable, Md. ; but the enterprise was unsuccessful. He returned to Philadelphia, and in 1821 was appointed professor of mineralogy in the Philadelphia museum. He delivered public lec- tures on that branch and on chemistry at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy, also making geological excursions into New Jersey, New York, and elsewhere. In 1825 he removed to New Har- mony, Ind., with Robert Owen and others, but, be- coming dissatisfied, settled in Nashville in 1827. He was appointed professor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy in the University of Nashville in 1828, which chair he held until his death, and in 1831 he was made state geologist, an office he filled until 1849. Prof. Troost gathered an exten- sive collection of minerals, including about 15,000 specimens, as well as more than 5,000 geological specimens and various other articles, constituting a cabinet that at that time was considered the finest in the possession of a single individual in the United States. He was a member of many sci- entific and philosophical societies in the United States and Europe, and translated into Dutch Alexander von Humboldt's " Aspects of Nature."" Besides numerous contributions to the transactions of learned societies, he published a "Geological Survey of the Environs of Philadelphia" (Phila- delphia, 1826), and nine " Annual Geological Re- ports of Tennessee " (Nashville, 1835-'48).

TROTT, Nicholas, jurist, b. in England in 1663 ; d. in Charleston, S. C. t in 1740. After a residence in the Bahamas, of which he was gover- nor, he emigrated to South Carolina about 1690, settling in Charleston. He became speaker of the assembly in 1700, was a councillor in 1703, and subsequently a judge. He was deeply versed in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages and in the principles of jurisprudence, and during nearly forty years was among the chief men in the prov- ince. He revised and published " Laws of South Carolina before 1734" (2 vols., Charleston, 1736), and is the author of " Clavis Linguae Sanctae (1719), and " Laws relating to the Church and the Clergy in America " (London, 1721).

TROTTER, George, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1779 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 13 Oct., 1815. His fa- ther, Lieut.-Col. James Trotter, was a soldier in the Revolution. The son entered the army in 1812, at the beginning of the second war with Great Britain, as a captain in a volunteer company of dragoons, was wounded in action with the Indians under Col. John B. Campbell on 18 Dec. of that year, became lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky vol- unteers in 1813, and led a brigade from his state, with rank of brigadier-general, at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct., 1813.

TROTTER, James Fisher, jurist, b. in Bruns- wick county, Va., 5 Nov., 1802 : d. in Holly Springs, Miss., 9 March, 1866. He emigrated with his par- ents to eastern Tennessee at an early age, received a careful education, and in 1820 was admitted to the bar. He settled in Hamilton, Monroe co., Miss., in 1823, and soon established a reputation as 8*301*^^^ stitutional lawyer. After serving several terms in^ the legislature, he was chosen, in 1837, a judge the circuit court of his district, and in 1838 suc-< ceeded Judge John Black in the U. S. senate, hav- ing been chosen as a Democrat. After serving from February to December of that year, he re- signed to accept a seat in the court of appeals of Mississippi, which he held till 1840. He then re- sumed his profession, and was vice-chancellor of the northern district of the state in 1855-'7, and professor of law in the University of Mississippi in 1860-'2. He ardently supported the southern cause during the civil war, but subsequently did much to promote peaceable submission to the U. S. authorities. He became a circuit judge in 1866.

TROTTER, Newbold Hough, artist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Jan., 1827. He studied art in his native city during 1853-'5, and has devoted himself principally to painting pictures of animal life. Mr. Trotter is a member of the Academy of fine arts, and of various art societies in Philadel- phia. His more important works of this class include " They knew not the Voice of Strangers," " They only knew the Voice of Strangers," " The Range of the Bison," "After the Combat." " Grizzly Bears," " The Last Stand," " El-Mahdi," and " In the Soudan."

TROUBAT, Francis Joseph, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1802 ; d. near Paris, France, 8 Oct., 1868. He was graduated at the University of