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144 planned for his capture. In 1866-'7 he published at Greensboro' the " Union Register," and in 1882 he established "The Continent," a literary weekly, in Philadelphia, which was discontinued in 1885. He is well known as a lecturer, and has published "North Carolina Form-Book" (1869); "Toinette" (New York, 1874); "The North Carolina Code, with Notes and Decisions" (1878); "A Digest of Cited Cases" (1879); "Statutory Decisions of the North Carolina Reports" (1879); "Figs and Thistles" (1879); "A Fool's Errand, by one of the Fools." of which 135,000 copies were sold (1879); "Bricks without Straw " (1880); "Hot Plowshares" (1883); "An Appeal to Caesar" (1884); "Black Ice" (1887) ; and " Button's Inn " (Boston, 1887).

TOURGEE, Eben, musician, b. in Warwick, R. 1., 1 June, 1834. At seventeen years of age he was clerk in a Providence music-store, and at nineteen a music-dealer at Fall River. He also taught in the public schools, and edited the " Massachusetts Musical Journal." In 1859 he founded a musical conservatory at East Greenwich, and in 1864 he projected a larger institution at Providence, which was removed to Boston in 1867, and incorporated in 1870. The building that is occupied by the conservatory has a concert-hall, containing a large pipe-organ and stage and seats for 1,500 persons. Besides a library, reading-room, and offices, it has rooms for 500 students, and cost, with all its appointments, more than $700,000.

TOURO, Judah, philanthropist, b. in Newport, R. I., 16 June, 1775; d. in New Orleans, La., 18 June, 1854. Leaving Newport in 1798, where his father, Isaac Touro, a native of Holland, was minister of the synagogue, he entered commercial life in Boston, and settled as a merchant in New Orleans in 1802. Here he acquired great wealth through his thrift and industry. He volunteered under Gen. Jackson when the British marched against New Orleans, and was wounded in battle on 1 Jan., 1815. Being saved by the bravery and care of Rezin Davis Shepherd, Touro bequeathed to him a large share of his property. He was a steady and generous giver to charities, Jewish and Christian, and endowed several synagogues and churches throughout the country. He gave $10,000 toward Bunker Hill monument. His remains are buried in the Newport Jewish cemetery.

TOUSEY, Sinclair, publisher, b. inNew Haven, Conn., 18 July, 1818 ; d. in New York city, 16 June, 1887. He received the rudiments of a common-school education, and was employed on farms and as a clerk till 1836, when he came to New York and became a newspaper-carrier. He was subsequently an agent till 1840, and established and published in Louisville, Ky., the "Daily Times," the first penny paper that was issued west of the Alleghany mountains. He engaged in farming in New York state in 1840-'53. and in the autumn of the latter year became partner in a news agency in Nassau street. In May, 1860, Mr. Tousey became sole proprietor of the agencv. the businessof which had increased from $150,000 to $1,000,000 per annum. The American news company was organized, 1 Feb., 1864, and he was elected president, which office he held till his death. He joined the Republican party at its organization, was an enthusiastic Abolitionist, writing and speaking against slavery, was at one time a vice-president of the Union league club, and took an active interest in philanthropic schemes and organizations. He published "Papers from over the Water" (New York, 1869).

TOUSSAINT, Dieudonné Gabriel (too-sang), Austrian naturalist, b. in Vienna in 1717; d. in Schoenbrunn in 1799. He was the son of a

of the French legation, studied in Vienna and Prague, and, devoting himself afterward to botany, was made in 1759 imperial botanist by the Empress Maria Theresa, and shortly afterward appointed professor in the University of Prague. After the general peace of 1763 he was sent on a scientific mission to South America, and from 1764 till 1771 visited several of the West Indies. By special permission of Charles III. of Spain, he also went to Mexico and both Upper and Lower California, being detained a prisoner for several weeks by Indians in the neighborhood of the present city of Los Angeles. The valuable collections that he formed are preserved in the museum at Vienna. Toussaint's works include &ldquo;Sertum Mexicanum&rdquo; (Vienna, 1773); &ldquo;Prodomus floræ Mexicanæ, exhibens characteres plantarum, nova genera et species novas vel minus cognitas&rdquo; (4 vols., 1773-'7); and &ldquo;Bibliotheca botanica, continens genera plantarum in America Meridionali crescentium&rdquo; (1779). His name has been given to a Brazilian plant of the family Polygalæ.

TOUSSAINT, Dominique François, best known as, Haytian soldier, b. in Bréda, near Cape Français, in 1743; d. in the castle of Joux, near Pontarlier, France, 27 April, 1803. He was a slave, and his master employed him as coachman, and subsequently made him overseer, in which office he was honest and efficient, but was severe toward his fellow-slaves. In 1790, when the mulattoes appealed to the negroes for help in enforcing their rights, Toussaint refused to join them, but forwarded supplies secretly to his friend, Jean Biassou, the leader of the insurgents. After the general massacre of the whites in August, 1791, Toussaint protected the flight of his master, and then joined the forces of Jean François, being appointed by the latter chief surgeon of the army. He soon became very popular in the negro army, but incurred the enmity of François, who imprisoned him in the fortress of La Vallière in 1793; but Biassou liberated him. Soon Toussaint turned against his benefactor, and supported the candidacy of Jean François as supreme chief. When news came of the execution of Louis XVI., François, followed by Toussaint, accepted a colonel's commission in the Spanish-Dominican forces, and went to the Spanish part of the island. Re-enforced by a Spanish division, Toussaint invaded French territory, defeated Brandicourt, and occupied important posts, among them Gonaives. Meanwhile the English had taken Port au Prince, and the whole island was in confusion, French, English, Spaniards, mulattoes, and negroes all contending for supremacy. After unsuccessful negotiations with the French agents, Étienne Polverel and Félicité Sonthonax, he heard that the French government had decreed the freedom of the slaves,