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Rh native city, where he studied Latin, Greek, and philosophy, and was graduated in law. He served on several commissions for his government, and was considered at that time the first jurist of New Granada. On 20 July, 1810, he joined the patriot cause. The congress of Leiva nominated him, 4 Oct., 1812, president of the federation, but Anto- nio Narino did not acknowledge the authority of congress, and refused to enter the confederacy. In 1814, during the triumvirate, he was president of congress, and as such assisted Bolivar to subdue the unitarian government of Bogota and to prepare an expedition against Santa Marta and Venezuela. After the landing of Gen. Pablo Morillo in July, 1815, congress elected Torres supreme chief of the nation on 15 Nov., but, on the approach of Morillo and Calzada, he saw the hopelessness of resistance, and resigning, 14 March, 1816, fled to the south. He was captured by the Spaniards in Buenaventura, whence he was expecting to sail for Buenos Ayres, transported to Bogota, and, with three other lead- ers, shot by order of Morillo.

TORRES, Diego de, Spanish missionary, b. in Spain in 1551 ; d. in La Plata, South America, in 1688. He was a Spanish nobleman who became a Jesuit in Valladolid in 1571, and spent most of his life in Peru, where he governed several colleges and convents. He was also the founder of the mis- sions of Paraguay. Torres was sent to Rome as procurator of his province in 1602, and availed himself of this circumstance to publish his work entitled " Relatione Breve del P. Diego de Torres della Compagnia di Giesu, procurator della Pro- vincia del Peru circa il frutto che si raccoglie con gli Indiani di quel Regno " (Rome, 1603 ; Spanish translation, 1603 ; Latin, 1604 ; French, Paris, 1604 ; Polish, Dantzic, 1603).

TORRES CAICEDO, Jose Maria, South Amer- ican publicist, b. in Bogota, New Granada, 30 March, 1830. He began, when seventeen years old, to compose verses and to write for newspa- ?ers, and was afterward managing editor of " El 'rogreso " and " El Dia " in opposition to the gov- ernment, which retaliated by inciting a riot, in the course of which his printing-office was broken open and the type destroyed. Later he was elected to the Colombian congress, was afterward secretary of legation at London and Paris, intendant for the states of Bolivar and Magdalena, secretary of an embassy to Washington, and Venezuelan consul- general and charge d'affaires in France and the Netherlands, but he retired in 1864 to devote him- self exclusively to literature, and has since lived in Paris. In January, 1872, he became charge d'affaires of the republic of San Salvador in France and Belgium. Torres Caicedo was elected on 4 May, 1872, a corresponding member of the Paris academy of moral and political sciences. He has been for years a contributor to European journals, and has published " Religion, Patria y Amor," a collection of poems (Paris, 1862) ; " Ensayos Bio- graficos y de Critica Literaria " (2 vols., 1863) ; " Union Latino-Americana " (1864) ; " Mis Ideas y mis Principios " (3 vols., 1865) ; and " Les prin- cipes de 1789 en Amerique" (1869).

TORRES RUBIO, Diego de, South American educator, b. in Valencia, Spain, in 1547; d. in Chuquisaca, Bolivia, 13 April, 1638. He entered the Society of Jesus, and went to Peru in 1579. He devoted himself almost entirely to the study of the native dialects, which he taught in Chuqui- saca for thirty years. He published " Grammatica et Vocabularium linguarum Aymarae, et Quichiue, quarum est usus in Peruvio " (Rome, 1603) ; "Arte de la lengua Aymara," which is very rare and commands a high price (Lima, 1616) ; and " Arte de la lengua Quechua " (1619).

TORRES Y AYALA, Lanreano, Marquis of Casa-Torres, Spanish soldier, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1645 ; d. in Spain in 1722. He went as a boy to Spain, where he entered the armv, and in 1693 was appointed governor of Florida. After a few years he returned to Spain, and from 1704 till 1707 took part in the first war of the succession. In the last- named year he was appointed governor-general of the island of Cuba. He filled this office until 1711 r when he was suspended during an investigation of his acts that was ordered by the Madrid govern- ment; but he was appointed again to the same post in 1713, his administration lasting till 1716. Un- der his rule the tobacco industry was developed greatly, and the plant began to be cultivated ex- tensively in the district that is known as " Vuelta Abajo." He founded the city of Santiago del Bejucal, and established a foundling-hospital at Havana, and other charitable institutions.

TORRES Y RUEDA, Marcos de, viceroy of Mexico, b. in Almanza, Spain, in 1591 ; d. in Mexi- co, 22 April, 1649. He was graduated at the University of Alcala, and, after obtaining holy or- ders, was professor of theology in Osma and Val- ladolid. Later he became canon of the cathedral of Burgos and rector of the College of San Nicolas in the same city, when in 1644 he was presented by Philip IV. to the bishopric of Yucatan, and confirmed in the same year by Pope Innocent X. He was consecrated by the bishop of Puebla, and in November, 1646, arrived in Campeche, taking gossession of his see in Merida in the next month, [e was scrupulous in his visitations of his diocese, es- pecially in the in- vestigation of the irregularities of the clergy, who in consequence clam- ored against him at court. There- fore, in 1647, on the promotion of the Count of Sal- vatierratothe vice- royalty of Peru, he received orders to take charge of the viceroyalty of Mexico, with the title of governor and president of the royal audiencia. He left Merida in December of that year, and, the outgoing viceroy being detained for some time, he took charge of the government, 13 May, 1648. He finished the cathedral of Puebla, sent re-en- forcements to Porto Rico, and recommended the erection of a university in Guatemala ; but his ad- ministration was chiefly noteworthy for the " auto da fe" that was celebrated by his orders, 11 April, 1649. It was one of the largest that was ever cele- brated by the Inquisition of Mexico, 13 persons be- ing burned and 107 flogged and otherwise punished ; but the governor had already been stricken with the sickness of which he died a few days afterward.

TORRE-TAGLE, José Bernardo, Marquis de, president of Peru, b. in Lima, 21 March, 1779; d. in Callao in 1825. He belonged to one of the best families of Spain, attained the rank of colonel of the army, and, being elected deputy to the cortes, was sent to Spain in 1813 with special