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Rh &ldquo;Mémoire sur le paupérisme&rdquo; (Cherbourg, 1836); &ldquo;Lettre sur le système pénitentiaire&rdquo; (Paris, 1838); &ldquo;Lettre à Lord Brougham sur le droit de visite&rdquo; (1843); &ldquo;Le droit au travail&rdquo; (1843); and &ldquo;L'ancien régime et la revolution&rdquo; (1856; translated into English, New York, 1856). Tocqueville's inedited works and correspondence were published by his friend, Gustave de Beaumont (2 vols., Paris, 1861; 2 vols., English translation, Boston, 1861); and the latter also published a complete edition of Tocqueville's works (9 vols., Paris, 1861-'5).

TOD, George, lawyer, b. in Suffield, Conn., 11 Dec., 1773; d. in Warren county, Ohio, 11 April, 1841. He was graduated at Yale in 1795, and settled in Georgetown, Ohio in 1800. He was elected state senator in 1804, served as judge of state supreme court from 1806 till 1809, was presiding judge of the 3d judicial circuit of Ohio from 1815 till 1834, and was afterward prosecuting attorney for Warren county. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the war of 1812, and served with credit in the defence of Fort Meigs in May, 1813. - His son, David, statesman, b. in Youngstown, Mahoning co., Ohio, 21 Feb., 1805; d. there, 13 Nov., 1868, was educated by his father and admitted to the bar in 1827. He practised his profession in Warren for fifteen years, was elected to the state senate in 1838, and canvassed the state for in 1840. He was nominated for governor in 1844, but was defeated by 1,000 votes. He was appointed by President minister to Brazil in 1847, and represented the United States there till 1852, when he returned, and took part in the canvass which resulted in the election of. In 1860 he was elected a delegate to the Charleston convention, was made first vice-president of that body, and presided over it when the southern wing of the Democratic party withdrew. He was an advocate of compromise at the opening of the civil war, but was a firm supporter of the government, and in 1861 was nominated for governor of Ohio by the Republicans, and elected by a majority of 55,000. During his term of two years, beginning 1 Jan., 1862, he gave much aid to the National administration.

TODD, Alpheus, Canadian author, b. in England in 1821 ; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 22 Jan., 1884. He removed to Canada in 1833, and prior to the union of Upper and Lower Canada was assistant librarian to the legislative assembly of the former province. He was continued in this office by the legislature of the united provinces till 1858, when he was appointed chief librarian. When he became librarian there were but 1,000 volumes in the library; now (1888) there are more than 200,000, most of which were collected, arranged, and classified under his supervision. He published "The Practice and Privileges of the Two Houses of Parliament" (Toronto, 1839); "Brief Suggestions in Regard to the Formation of Local Governments for Upper and Lower Canada, in Connection with a Federal Union of the British North American Provinces," a pamphlet (Ottawa, 1866); and "Parliamentary Government in England: its Origin, Development, and Practical Operation" (2 vols., London, 1867-9).— His brother, Alfred, b. in England in 1821 ; d. in Ottawa, 6 June, 1874, came to Canada in 1833, and became chief clerk of the private-bill office of the legislative assembly of Canada. He published " A Treatise on the Proceedings to be adopted in conducting or opposing Private Bills in the Parliament of Canada*' (Quebec, 1862).

TODD, Charles Burr, author, b. in Redding, Conn., 9 Jan., 1849. He was educated at the common schools, and was fitted for college, but failure

of eyesight prevented him from entering. After teaching for some time, he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and has contributed to American magazines. He was appointed in May, 1877, commissioner for erecting a monument on the winter quarters of Gen. Israel Putnam's division of Continentals in Redding, Conn., which was authorized by act of the Connecticut legislature. He is the author of &ldquo;A General History of the Burr Family in America&rdquo; (New York, 1878); &ldquo;A History of Redding, Conn.&rdquo; (1880); &ldquo;Life and Letters of Joel Barlow&rdquo; (1886); and &ldquo;The Story of the City of New York&rdquo; (1888).

TODD, David Peck, astronomer, b. in Lake Ridge, N. Y., 19 March, 1855. He entered Columbia, but was graduated at Amherst in 1875, and appointed chief assistant to the U. S. transit of Venus commission in Washington. For three years he was engaged in reducing the observations of the transit of 1874. and his result for the parallax of the sun — 8".883 — was the first that was derived from the American photographs of that transit. When at Amherst he began a series of observations of the satellites of Jupiter, which was assiduously maintained for twelve years, or during an entire revolution of the planet. His observations on those bodies led him to begin theoretical researches on their orbits, and he published "A Continuation of De Damoiseau's Tables of the Satellites of Jupiter to the Year 1900 " (Washington, 1876). These are now used in the preparation of the "American Ephemeris," the "Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch," and elsewhere, and they were also extended backward by him to 1665. In 1877 he began to study the possibility of an extra-Neptunian planet, from the discrepancies in the motion of Uranus ; after which he spent several months in the optical search for it, and he is at present examining the photographic evidence of its existence. In 1878 he was sent to Texas in charge of the U. S. government expedition to observe the total eclipse of the sun on 29 July, and on his return was appointed assistant to Simon Newcomb in the preparation of the " American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac," remaining in that office until 1881. He then accepted the chair of astronomy at Amherst, with the directorship of the observatory, which appointment he still 'holds, and in 1881-7 he was professor of astronomy and higher mathematics at Smith college, where in 1885-7 he was intrusted with the planning and construction of the new observatory. Prof. Todd was invited by the trustees of the James Lick estate to direct" the observations of the transit of Venus in 1882 from the Lick observatory, and in 1887 he was placed in charge of the expedition to Japan under the auspices of the National academy of sciences and the U. S. navy department to observe the total solar eclipse of 19 Aug. After that event he organized an expedition to the summit of Fujiyama, the sacred mountain of Japan, 12,500 feet in elevation. Astronomical and meteorological observations were made from the summit, which have an important bearing on the occupation of such peaks for scientific purposes. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Washington and Jefferson college in 1888, and he is member of scientific societies both at home and abroad. His writings include contributions to the transactions of societies of which he is a member and reports to the government.

TODD, Eli, physician, b. in New Haven, Conn., 22 July, 1769; d. in Hartford, Conn., 17 Nov., 1833. He was graduated at Yale in 1787. and sailed for the West Indies shortly afterward, intending to