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374 the glacial periods. Due to this, every one of the ice invasions in Middle and Western Europe manifested, even in regions where it left no geological traces, a distinct arctic-alpine fauna.

Penck endeavored to apply his geological chronology also to the known sites of quaternary man, but he encountered difficulties on account of finding only the so-called Magdalenian stations in direct connection with the glacial deposits. This circumstance made it possible to eventually determine the late postglacial age of these particular remains. The more ancient stations of the Solutrean mammoth hunters lie in the loess, far from the Alpine ice centers and without a direct connection with these, and the determination of their exact antiquity presents more obstacles. However, on the base of the information then extant, Penck constructed the following chronological scheme:

I. Glacial period.

1. Interglacial period.

II. Glacial period.

2. Interglacial period: Chelléen culture.

III. Glacial period: Mousterian culture (cold climate).

3. Interglacial period.

(a) Warm—Mousterian culture (end).

(b) Cool—Solutrean culture.

l. Glacial period.

Postglacial time—Magdalenian culture.

It was the above chronology which I have utilized in my writings (including the French version of this paper). Since the publications in L'Anthropologie, however, my geological and archeological investigations in Villefranche and the Pyrenees resulted in new evidence, on the basis of which I must modify the above scheme as follows:

I. Glacial period.

1. Interglacial period.

II. Glacial period.

2. Interglacial period.

III. Glacial period.

3. Interglacial period.

(a) Warm—Chelléen culture

(b) Cool—Achelléen culture.

IV. Glacial period: Mousterian culture.

Postglacial time.

(a) Solutrean culture.

(b) Magdalenian culture.

This new and more satisfactory chronology relating to the geo- logically ancient man of central Europe is sustained also for the Alps by the recent discovery of a paleolithic station at Santis (Canton St. Gallen). The "wildkirchli" cave in this locality, at 1,500 meters above the sea, shows intact Mousterian industry. This deposit could have taken place only after the recession of the glaciers of the fourth (last) ice invasion.