Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/75

 Rh which also comes rĕbat, “barred, blocked”, is quite similar to that of the Latin fuga from the root fug; the fact that in the one case the formative a precedes while in the other it follows, affects the matter but little. There is, however, a difference between the IN word-base and the IE stem. The IN word-base, as stated in § 101, is at the same time a word, that is to say, it is a formation ready for use in speech. But the IE stem is not, or at least only exceptionally, e.g. in the vocative; “the IE word comprises three parts, root, suffix and termination”, as Meillet- Printz (“Einfiihrung”, p. 82) says. That is the reason why the present writer adheres to the term “word-base” and does not replace it by the expression “stem”.

It is true that there are also some cases in which a word- base appears only in the vocabulary, and stands in need of a formative in order to be employed in actual speech. Thus the Mlg. word-base itsu, “green”, only exists in the dictionary; the actual language (in accordance with the principle stated in § lO-I) can only say maitsu. In such cases one would, no doubt, be justified in speaking of a " stem " instead of a “word-base”.

111. As in the case of the root, so also in that of the word-base we find the phenomenon of redupHcation. Either the whole word or merely some part of it may be repeated, and thus several very different types of reduplication result :

I. Complete reduplication: Mal. rumah, “house”, rumah-rumah, “various houses”. — This type may be modified by variation, which gives rise to a great multiphcity of forms; Mal. boṅkar, “to overthrow”, boṅkar-baṅkir, “to throw everything into confusion”.

II. The final consonant of the first word is omitted: Old Jav., Mahābhārata, a, 41 : mawĕla-wĕlas ta manah nira = “His ( = nira) heart then felt deep pity”, from wĕlas, “pity”. — In Sanskrit loan-words often more than one sound is omitted :