Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/56

 Third law: between the two vowels of the word-base only a few of the Original IN combinations of consonants are now tolerated, in most cases the first consonant has to become q. The following examples particularly illustrate this third law: Root kal : kaqkal, “ to stamp ”. — Beside taṅkal, “ to knock ”. Root tas : taqtas, “ to cut through ”. — Beside wontas, “ notch ”. Root las : laqlas, “ past ”. — Beside tĕlas, “ left over ”. Root lĕt : lĕqlĕt, “ to penetrate ”. — Beside sĕlĕt, “ between ”. γ. Examples running through several languages: Karo, Mad., Tag., Bis. kaṅkaṅ, “ to sprawl ”. Old Jav., Karo, Iloko laklak, Tontb. laqlak, “ to peel ”. Karo, Iloko kupkup, Tontb. kuqkup, Bis. koqkop, “ to shut ”. This mode of forming the word-base by doubling the root, and likewise the actual cases cited under γ, may be ascribed to Original IN. 75. Second type: the root is doubled and between the two roots the root vowel is inserted. This type occurs very frequently in Iloko: Root bat: batabat, “ to check ”. — Beside albat, “ to hinder ”. Root sim: simisim, “ to spy out ”. — Beside simsim, “ test ”. Root pak: pakapak, “ foliage ”. — Beside palakpak, “ leaf ”. Root muk (§ 48): mokomok, “ gold dust ”. In other languages this formation is rarer. Examples from Bis.: bisibis beside bisbis, “ to pour out ”; hisihis, “ to trail along the ground ”, beside Old Jav. his, “ to stream ”. 76. Third type: only the first two sounds of the root are reduplicated, as in Mal. kikis, “ to scratch ”. a. In many languages, and precisely in Mal., it is difficult to recognize this formation. It is indeed by no means certain that Mal. kikis is really a case of partial reduplication; in fact,