Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/41

 45. Examples of root- variation in several IN languages: I.   In Karo:

α.  Variation of the vowel: gĕgĕh, “ strength ”, tĕguh, “ firm ”. ripas, “ away ! ”, lĕpus, “ to escape ”. β.  Variation of a consonant: ĕrlap, “ to shine ”, kilat, “ to shine ”. baṅkir, “ to break ”, lukis, “ to carve (with a chisel) ”. γ.  Variation of both vowel and consonants: pĕdĕh, “ to stand fast ”. tandĕk, “ to stand on ”. pajĕk, “ to ram (e.g., posts into the ground) ”. pĕrjak, “ to set foot on ”.

II.   In other languages: Old Jav. gantuṅ, “ to hang ”, tatiṅ, “ to hang down ”; indĕr, intĕr, “ to turn ”. — Achinese ulak, balik, “ to turn back ”. — Tontb. kompeṅ, kumpeq, “ low ”.

Variation of both vowel and consonant:

Old Jav. sasak, pasuk, susup, “ to enter, to penetrate ”.

46.  There are also cases of variation which affect more than one language and run through several. We cite two such cases, the one with change of vowel and the other with change of consonant: