Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/340

 sonant. In the Tsimihety Poem on the Telegraph, p. 116, we find telegrafi, Parisi, and Madagasikara. 284. The phonetic combination may be alien to the recipient language. Here it is mostly a case of combination of consonants. The linguistic methods then applied by the IN languages are the following: I. Elimination. In Jonker's Rottinese Texts, p. 44, 1. 1, we find: “ Service letter ” = L. s. = susula dis; dis being from the Dutch dienst. II. Metathesis, as in the Old Malagasy Serafelo, the name of a certain angel < Arabic Asrafil. This form is found in Ferrand's text Niontsy, p. 24, 1. 1 from the bottom: “ Where art thou, O Asrafil?” = aiza hanaw ra Serafelo? III. Insertion of a sound, as in the Bugis porogolo < Dutch verguld, “ gilt ”. 285. The selection of the inserted vowel is determined: I. By the nature of the neighbouring vowel, as in Makassar parasero < Portuguese parceiro, “ partner ”. II. By the nature of the neighbouring consonant. Between the s and the χ of a Dutch initial sch Makassar inserts an i, as in sikau < schout, “ mayor ”. 286. Special consideration is due to the developments of the phonetic combinations of explosives + h, i.e. the aspirates of loan-words in languages which themselves have no aspirates. I. The aspiration disappears altogether, as in Malay bumi < Sanskrit bhūmi, “ earth ”. II. A vowel appears between the explosive and the aspiration: Makassar pahala, “ utility ” < Sanskrit phala. Madurese, in accordance with the principle in § 184, II, has paqalah. Daïri dĕhupa < Sanskrit dhūpa, “ incense ”. III. Owing to some secondary process the aspiration disappears, but the inserted vowel persists; hence Toba daupa and budá < budaha < buddha. 287.  The phonetic phenomena hitherto delineated are either sporadic or else form regular series. Of the latter kind