Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/32

 languages have been affected by the operation of so many phonetic laws that the root can only be detected in them with difficulty. The omission shall now be made good and a special paragraph devoted to each of these two languages.

The Bug. phonetic laws chiefly affect the final of the wordbase ; hence in the Bug. root it is particularly the third sound that is modified, while the first and second are less liable to be affected.

Bug. giliṅ, " to roll " : root liṅ. — Mal. giliṅ, Old Jav. puliṅ " to roll ". Here no phonetic law has been at work in Bug.

Bug. pipiq, " to pinch": root pit. — Mal. apit, Gayo spit, "to pinch". — Law: Every IN final explosive appears in Bug. as hamzah.

Bug. pědděṅ, "to close the eyes": root děm. — Old Jav. iděm, Karo pěděm. — Laws: Every IN final nasal appears in Bug as ṅ. — After the pěpět in the penultimate, that is the accentuated, syllable the consonant is doubled; see also sěssěq below.

Bug. wukaq, " to open, to unfold " (intrans.): root kar. — Old Jav. wěkar, " to open", Bal. sěkar, "flower". — Law: IN final r appears in Bug. as hamzah, but remains unaltered when a suffix is added, hence Bug. pataqbukarěṅ " to open " ( trans.).

Bug. nipiq, " thin " : root pis. — Tag. nipis, Tontb. impis, " thin ". — Law: IN final s appears in Bug. as hamzah, but remains unaltered when a suffix is added, hence Bug. nipisi, " to make thin ".

Bug. sëssěq, "repentance": root sel. — Bis. basol, Mal. sěsal .' — Law: IN final l appears in Bug. as hamzah, but before a suffix takes the form of rr, hence Bug. pasěssěrrěṅ, " reproof ".

30.  In Mlg. even more phonetic laws have been at work than in Bug. ; just as in Bug., they particularly affect the finals but they also affect consonants in every position, the vowels less; therefore the Mlg. root shows modification chiefly in the