Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/283

Rh III. Original IN t disappears altogether in several languages; thus in Nias when final, hence Original IN kulit, "skin" > Nias uli. 110. Original IN d. I. It persists unchanged in many languages. Original IN dagaṅ, "stranger", appears also in Old Javanese, Toba, etc., as dagaṅ, in Bimanese as daga, etc. II. Original IN d becomes t in several languages when final; thus in Malay, hence Original IN añud, "drift" > Mal. hañut. — It becomes dh in certain cases in Madurese, hence Original IN damar > Mad. dhamar, "resin". — It is cerebralized in several languages. — It becomes r in several languages; thus in Bugis after n, hence Original IN linduṅ > Bug. linruṅ, "shade". II. Original IN d disappears altogether in some languages; thus in Kulawi after n, hence Original IN tanduk > Kulawi tonu, "horn". 111. Original IN n. I. It is preserved in the living languages in a great majority of the cases. Original IN anak, "child", appears also in Old Javanese, etc., as anak, in Nias as o1no1, etc. II. Original IN n becomes ṅ in several languages when final; thus in Bugis, hence Original IN aṅin > Bug. aṅiṅ, "wind". — It becomes l in several languages; thus in certain cases in some of the Formosan dialects, as in alak, "child ". — It becomes t by assimilation; thus in spoken Toba, hence Original IN guntuṅ > spoken Toba gattuṅ, "to hang". III. Original IN n is lost in several languages; thus in Nias before t, hence Original IN lintah > Nias lita, "leech". Laws of the Labials. 112. Original IN f. I. It mostly persists unchanged in the living languages. Original IN pitu, "seven ", is also pitu in Old Javanese, Masaretese, etc., opitu in Gorontalese, etc. II. Original IN p becomes b in Achinese when final, hence Original IN idup > Ach. ndeb, with metathesis of the vowels