Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/220

 tion. The verbs doing duty in these cases are "to see" and "to hear".—Illustrations. Day., from the second Sangumang Story: "His mother wondered at what Sangumang said" = M. his wondered hearing words S. = indu e heṅan mahiniṅ auh Saṅumaṅ. Old Jav., from the Āsramawasanaparwa: "The king wept, being touched by his condition" = Wept k. t. seeing c. his = manaṅis mahārāja kasrĕpan tumon gati nira.

III. The verb replaces adverbs such as "up", "down", "out", "back", and the like.—Illustrations. Kupangese, from the Story of the Fool: "Then he stepped in into the midst" = Then he s. entering into the m. = ti un laok tama se tlala. Day., from the second Sangumang Story: "I walked along by the side of the gigantic chopper" = I w. going + along (by) g. + c. = aku mananjoṅ mahoroy pahera.

IV. The verb replaces the affirmative 'particle.—Illustration, Nias, from the Story of Futi: "Have you heard the words of the chief? She said: 'Yes!'" = You h. w. c.? She s.: 'I heard' = ''o rono li razo? i mane: u roṅo''.

138. With respect to several of the passive forms of the verb there is a controversy as to whether they should not rather be regarded as substantival forms. My view is the following:

I. The name "passive forms" is given by the grammars to certain linguistic phenomena which were undoubtedly originally substantives. In the Mkb. work Manjau Ari there is a sentence: "It grows in the field, surrounded by trees". "Surrounded by trees" is: diliṅkuaṅ kayu. The form diliṅkuaṅ is explained by the traditional grammar as a passive, and it is further added that the agent kayu is annexed without the preposition "by". But the WB liṅkuaṅ is also a substantive in Mkb., meaning "something that surrounds"; and di is also a preposition; so I could also take di liṅkuaṅ kayu as meaning "in a ring-fence of trees", for the genitive relation is expressed in many IN languages, and in Mkb. in particular, by the mere order of the words without the intervention of any preposition. Thus in my view diliṅkuaṅ kayu was originally a substantival construction.