Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/219

 Rh from the Āsramawasanaparwa: "That is what they desire to attain" = (That that) may + be + attained, (is) aim that = kapaṅgiha don ika.

III. With the idea of saying. Tontb., from the Story of the Demon that haunts women in confinement: "Then they exclaimed" = Then speech their = siituoka kiia era (o). Nias, from the Story of Buruti: "Then she spake thus" = Then thus speech her again = ba simane li nia zui. Day., from the Story of the Inner Bark: "Then said he to himself" = Then (was) word of the heart = tä koa n huaṅ.

IV. With the idea of thinking. Karo, from the Story of the Glutton: "But I think the Glutton is dead" = Heart mine yet, that dead the Glutton = ate ku min, ĕṅgo mate si Lagaman.

V. With the idea of being called. Old Jav., from the Śakuntala: "There was once a king, who was called Duswanta = Was a k., D. name his = hana sira mahārādja Duswanta naran ira. Tontb., from the Description of the Sacrificial Feast: " This sacrificial feast is called the offering for the plants " = Name of s. + f. this (is) plant- offering = naran i papeliqin itu manusew.

137. On the other hand, a verb is often used in IN in cases where the Indo-European languages with which we are more generally acquainted would employ some other part of speech. All the instances here enumerated are Common IN.

I. The verb replaces an indefinite pronoun. The verb that serves this purpose is the verb " to be, to be in existence ", Old Jav. hana, Mal. ada, Nias so. — Illustrations. Old Jav., from the Kunjarakarna: " Some had their heads chopped off " = Were, (whose) chopped -j- off -f- were heads their = hana winadun kapala na. Mai., from Abdullah's Journey: " There were several islands, some big and some small " = Were several piece islands, were small, were big = ada beberapa buwah pulaw, ada kecil, ada besar.

II. The verb replaces a preposition, namely, the prepositions "at" or "about" etc., with verbs denoting an emo-