Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/208

196 114. Illustrations of the tense-system in Madagascar, from the Old Malagasy Sermons:

I. Present: "Abu Bekr, who fears the Lord" = The A. B., f. t. L. = r' Abubakiri matahutru an Dzaṅahari.

II. Past: "My heart has stored it up" = Heart my h. + st. + up = fu ku nitarimi.

III. Future: "They will not see me" = N. w. s. m. = tsi hahita ahi. 115. Tenses of the Causative. These follow the active closely. Example from Hova : Illustration from Bont., which, as we already know, uses pa- as the sign of the causative and in- as the sign of the past tense; from the Story of the Stars: "Mother has made our brother fly" = Has + caused + to + fly m. b. o. = in- patayaw ina kawwaan mi.

116. The tenses of the passive sometimes follow those of the active pretty closely, as in Hova; in other cases, as in Tag., they diverge further from them. Examples: I. Hova — II. Tagalog — '117. A peculiar way of forming the past passive is found in Bug. and the closely related Mak. Bug. pura and Mak. leqbaq,