Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/207

Rh 111. The third way of indicating the future consists in the use of auxiliary words meaning "will" and the like, e.g. hěndaq in Mal., issa in Bont., etc. — In the use of the second and third methods we meet with the same state of things as we noticed in connexion with the past tense : the particles are often omitted. In the Mal. Epic Bidasari we ought to find the future expressly indicated more especially in Canto 5, which deals largely with the making of plans for future action; but we find hardly any cases of it.

112. Some languages employ several of the modes of forming the future, for instance Mak., which has both la and sallaṅ, and Bont. All the methods possible in Bont. are represented in the Story of the Battle of Kaloqokan:

I. The future is not indicated by any linguistic means: "When will they come ?" = When c. t. = kad (nan) alian ca ?

II. Future with formative -um-: "We shall run away" = S. + r. + a. we = lumayao kami.

III. Future with ad: "It will be much" = ad aṅsan.

IV. Future with issa: "You will come, the three of you" = W. y. c. the three = issa kayu ('d) sumaa ay tolo.

113. Among the languages which form their tenses with genuine formatives, there are some that have only elaborated two tenses : thus Magindanao only has the present and the past, and has to use a periphrasis for the future. Other languages form all the three tenses, and also bring the imperative into the ambit of this system of tenses. Such elaborated systems are found in Formosa, the Phihppines, the intermediate islands, e.g. Sangir, and Madagascar. Example: