Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/206

194 108. Secondly: the future made by means of enclitic words of form. These are all prepositions indicating the direction "whither". How they come to denote the future has been discussed in Section III.

I. The Western languages, those of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and Madagascar, employ the preposition ka, which in extended form becomes kan and akan, and in variant form ku. Thus ka is used as a preposition, e.g., in Mal.; akan in Day.; ku in Karo. As a sign of the future ka is used, e.g., in Mkb.; akan in Day.; hu < ku in Hova.

II. The Eastern languages, including those of Southern and Central Celebes, employ the preposition la, which in certain languages has the form da in conformity with the RLD-law. As a preposition la occurs, e.g., in Kupangese; the sign of the future is la in Mak., da in Bareqe, and, far away from the Eastern group, in Nias.

III. Bont. uses ad as a preposition and as a sign of the future. It is conceivable that this ad is identical with the da = la in II. above. For, in the first place, metathesis is a very common phenomenon in the IN languages; and, secondly, another preposition in Bont., synonymous with ad, appears both as is and as si.

109. Like Hova, Day. also employs the preposition ku to indicate the future, but it has made it into a verb: maku. Precisely analogous cases are the Bug. matu < ma + tu and the Tettum atu < a + tu; the preposition tu exists independently, e.g., in Toba.

110. Illustrations to the two preceding paragraphs. Mkb., from the Story of Manjau Ari: "I shall go" = den ka pai. Mak., from the Jayalangkara : "I shall now go and sleep" = Shall go I sleep = la maṅey aq tinro. Bareqe, from the Story of the Migrating Mouse: "I shall emigrate" = S. e. I = da melinja (mo) yaku. Tettum, from Matthijsen's Dialogues: "To-morrow morning (the) horses will come" = awan saivan kuda atu mai.