Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/205

Rh the idea of the pluperfect; but even in such cases the words of form are often omitted. In the second executioner's story in the Injilai, we find in 147 lines of print less than half a dozen pura's.

105. The Future Active. This tense has four modes of formation in IN: first, it is expressed by genuine formatives; secondly, by enclitic, mostly monosyllabic, words of form, which are on the way to become formatives ; thirdly, by disyllabic, somewhat more independent, words of form; and, fourthly, by syllabic reduplication.

106. First: the future made by means of formatives. None of these formatives has a wide distribution, none therefore can be styled Common IN.

I. Hova replaces the m of formatives beginning with m by h. Example: "to kiss" = miuruka, "to have kissed" = niuruka, "to be about to kiss" = hiuruka. This h-formation has originated by analogy with the hu-formation, which will be discussed hereafter. II. Sund. forms the future by means of the prefix pi- and suffix -ön, e.g., pidataṅön, "to be about to come".

III. In some languages the aorist formative um is used to form the future, e.g., in Tontb. and Bont., thus Bont. umoto, "to be going to cook".

IV. Some languages employ for the future the formatives beginning with m-, which are elsewhere present or have no implication of time; so Talautese mamali, "to be going to buy".

V. Old Jav. uses its conjunctive formative -a as a future, e.g., matya < mati + a, "to be going to die".

107. Illustrations to the foregoing paragraph. Old Jav., Mausalaparwa, from the prophecy of the angry Brahman: "Baladewa will not die at the same time" = Baladewa tan ilu matya. Hova, from the Testament of Umbiasa: "I shall be gathered to the forefathers" (i.e., shall die) = S. + b. + g. to the f. I = hihauna ami ni razana ahu. Rh